Borrower-based instruments generally refer to measures aimed at mitigating the indebtedness of individuals or households. These instruments have most commonly been used to impose limits on housing loans. The purpose of borrower-based instruments is to contain household indebtedness and prevent house price bubbles. The most common instrument in Europe is the maximum loan-to-value (LTV) ratio for housing loans, i.e. the loan cap, which is also in use in Finland. Research has proven the effectiveness of borrower-based instruments in preventing both price bubbles and excessive indebtedness.

Issue: Financial stability