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Syftet med denna studie är att få mera kunskap och förståelse om hur fysisk aktivitet påverkar den gravida kvinnan och hur man genom fysisk aktivitet kan befrämja hälsan under graviditet. Studien fokuserar på friska gravida kvinnor. Studien förväntas ge svar på frågorna: Hur påverkar fysisk aktivitet den gravida kvinnan under en graviditet? Hur befrämjar fysisk aktivitet hälsa under graviditet? Studien gjordes som en systematisk litteraturstudie. Vi har analyserat vetenskapliga artiklar som handlar om fysisk aktivitet under graviditet. Artikelsökningarna gjordes i databaserna EBSCO och SpringerLink. Som teoretisk utgångspunkt har vi använt oss av Erikssons teori om hälsa. I resultatet framkom att fysisk aktivitet har många positiva effekter på den gravida kvinnan och graviditetens utfall. Vi delade in resultatet i tre olika kategorier: fysisk påverkan, psykisk påverkan och hälsofrämjande effekter. I studien framkom det att många gravida kvinnor inte upplever något stöd och uppmuntran till fysisk aktivitet under graviditet från vårdpersonal och att många gravida kvinnor slutar att vara fysiskt aktiva under graviditeten.The aim of this study is to create an understanding and knowledge about how physical activity affects the pregnant woman and how physical activity can promote health during pregnancy. The study focused on healthy pregnant women. The study is expected to answer the questions of how physical activity affects the pregnant women during pregnancy and how physical activity can promote health during pregnancy. The study was performed as a systematic literature study. We have analyzed scientific articles about physical activity during pregnancy. The search for articles were carried out on the databases EBSCO and SpringerLink. As a theoretical framework Erikssons theory of health was used. The result of the study indicates that physical activity has many positive effects on the pregnant woman and the pregnancy outcomes. We divided the result into three different categories: physical effect, psychological effect and health promotion. The study reveals that many pregnant women don’t experience support and encouragement for physical activity during pregnancy from nursing staff and that many pregnant women quit being physical active during their pregnancy.
TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (TCNFs) have unique properties, which can be utilised in many application fields from printed electronics to packaging. Visual characterisation of TCNFs has been commonly performed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). However, a novel imaging technique, Helium Ion Microscopy (HIM), offers benefits over SEM, including higher resolution and the possibility of imaging non-conductive samples uncoated. HIM has not been widely utilized so far, and in this study the capability of HIM for imaging of TCNFs was evaluated. Freeze drying and critical point drying (CPD) techniques were applied to preserve the open fibril structure of the gel-like TCNFs. Both drying methods worked well, but CPD performed better resulting in the specific surface area of 386 m2 g−1 when compared to 172 m2 g−1 and 42 m2 g−1 of freeze dried samples frozen in propane and nitrogen, respectively. HIM imaging of TCNFs was successful but high magnification imaging was challenging because the ion beam tended to degrade the TCNFs. The effect of the imaging parameters on the degradation was studied and an ion dose as low as 0.9 ion per nm2 was required to prevent the damage. This study points out the differences between the gentle drying methods of TCNFs and demonstrates beam damage during imaging like none previously reported with HIM. The results can be utilized in future studies of cellulose or other biological materials as there is a growing interest for both the HIM technique and bio-based materials.
The effects of wet-end additions of cationic starches and/or carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) on paper properties was determined by papermaking trials. The aim of this study was to mitigate the distinctive decrease in strength and stiffness due to unrestrained drying by addition of wet-end additives, while maintaining the extraordinarily high stretch potential of papers after unrestrained drying. Addition of the different polysaccharides increased the tensile index and density of the paper. The largest incgtreases in tensile index and stiffness were seen when combining cationic starches with CMC. With certain combinations of cationic starch and CMC, it was possible to increase the tensile index and stiffness of the paper, while maintaining the high elongation at break after unrestrained drying. To complement the results from the papermaking trials, adsorption of cationic starches and CMC onto cellulose nanofibril model surfaces was studied by QCM-D and SPR techniques. The additives adsorbed onto cellulose surfaces as soft gels, containing a large amount of coupled water. Adsorption of soft and malleable polysaccharide layers in the fiber-fiber joints enhanced the paper properties significantly on a macroscopic level. The softest and most swollen polysaccharide layers resulted in the largest increases in tensile index and stiffness of paper