Kaikki aineistot
Lisää
The mechanical properties of multilayer films consisting of alternating layers of magnesium and niobium are investigated through micropillar compression experiments across a broad range of temperatures. The data collected from the variable temperature micropillar compression tests and strain rate jump tests are used to gain insight into the operative deformation mechanisms within the material. At higher temperatures, diffusion-based deformation mechanisms are shown to determine the plastic behavior of the multilayers. Diffusion occurs more readily along the magnesium–niobium interface than within the bulk, acting as pathway for magnesium diffusion. When individual layer thicknesses are sufficiently small, diffusion can remain the dominant deformation mechanism down to room temperature. Multilayer strengthening models historically rely solely on dislocation-based arguments; therefore, consideration of diffusion-based deformation in nanolaminates with low melting temperature components offers improved understanding of multilayer behavior.
Abstract Objectives: To assess the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of atrial fibrillation (AF) in the ICU and to describe current practice in the management of AF. Design: Multicenter, prospective, inception cohort study. Setting: Forty-four ICUs in 12 countries in four geographical regions. Subjects: Adult, acutely admitted ICU patients without a history of persistent/permanent AF or recent cardiac surgery were enrolled; inception periods were from October 2020 to June 2021. Intervention: None. Measurements and main results: We included 1,423 ICU patients and analyzed 1,415 (99.4%), among whom 221 patients had 539 episodes of AF. Most (59%) episodes were diagnosed with continuous electrocardiogram monitoring. The incidence of AF was 15.6% (95% CI, 13.8–17.6), of which newly developed AF was 13.3% (11.5–15.1). A history of arterial hypertension, paroxysmal AF, sepsis, or high disease severity at ICU admission was associated with AF. Used interventions to manage AF were fluid bolus 19% (95% CI 16–23), magnesium 16% (13–20), potassium 15% (12–19), amiodarone 51% (47–55), beta-1 selective blockers 34% (30–38), calcium channel blockers 4% (2–6), digoxin 16% (12–19), and direct current cardioversion in 4% (2–6). Patients with AF had more ischemic, thromboembolic (13.6% vs 7.9%), and severe bleeding events (5.9% vs 2.1%), and higher mortality (41.2% vs 25.2%) than those without AF. The adjusted cause-specific hazard ratio for 90-day mortality by AF was 1.38 (95% CI, 0.95–1.99). Conclusions: In ICU patients, AF occurred in one of six and was associated with different conditions. AF was associated with worse outcomes while not statistically significantly associated with 90-day mortality in the adjusted analyses. We observed variations in the diagnostic and management strategies for AF.