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This study analysed renovation measures implemented with ARA renovation subsidy in Finland in multifamily apartment buildings. Measured energy data was used to calibrate the energy simulation model of the most typical renovated building from the 1970 s. For the reference building, a comprehensive set of renovation packages were applied to assess the performance of ARA grants. It was noticed that official energy performance certificates (EPC) overestimated before the renovation energy use as well as energy saving by a factor of almost 2. It was notable that in calculated EPCs, after renovation, EP-value was higher than before renovation, EP-value based on measured energy use. The main reasons for faulty energy calculations were strong overestimations in the building leakage rate and ventilation airflow rate. Renovation packages reduced EP-value by 8 % to 27 %, including lighting and appliances. Those using district heat resulted in a small increase in electricity with a flat duration curve, but the combined ground source and exhaust air heat pump showed the highest peak electricity power increase by factor 6. Exhaust air heat pump, window replacement and photovoltaic were the most cost-effective options, while packages with additional insulation faced considerably higher costs than the sum of ARA support and monthly savings could cover bank loans; thus, ARA support was clearly too small to support deep renovation. The need to improve the accuracy of EPCs in assessing energy performance to facilitate more effective financial support was a finding that can be important for any support scheme to secure the necessary funding for renovation.
Aging water supply and sewerage networks are a common problem. A renovation loan means the costs that are the results of not performed renovations. Efficient methods are needed to minimize the renovation loan. However, the correct pointing of renovation activities is primary important because of limited functional and economical resources that are the primary reason to perform regional renovations. The goal of the study was to develop a calculating model for valuating water supply and sewerage regional renovations. The research methods were literature and case studies. Basic knowledge about the materials and technology was derived from the literature and special knowledge about water supply and sewerage networks was retrieved from the employer ́s database. The most significant factors were chosen for the model. They were chosen because of their usefulness for calculating and numerical valuating. Based on the research data, the age and material coefficients of the piping could be defined. In addition to these, maintenance knowledge was also used in the calculation. Finally, as the result of the study, a calculating model was developed and the goal of the study was achieved. The model is based on the age and material distributions and maintenance knowledge of the networks. The calculation result is a numerical value. Larger values indicate more important renovation areas than smaller values.
Suomen vesihuoltoverkot ikääntyvät ja niiden kunto heikkenee nopeammin kuin vesihuoltolaitokset pystyvät saneeraamaan niitä. Putkilinjat, jotka ovat jääneet saneeraamatta, muodostavat vesihuoltolaitosten saneerausvelan. Puute rahasta ja osaavasta henkilöstöstä jarruttavat saneerauksia. Tässä diplomityössä esitellään neljä liiketoimintamallia, jotka voivat soveltua vesihuoltoverkostojen saneeraukseen. Viimeisessä osassa on vesihuoltolaitoksille Suomeen ja muualle Eurooppaan lähetettyjen kyselyiden tulokset. Kyselyt koskivat vesihuoltolaitosten omaisuudenhallintaa ja saneerauksia. Vesihuollon verkostosaneerauksen liiketoimintamallien havaittiin olevan melko tuntemattomia. Esimerkit kuitenkin osoittavat, että on mahdollista luoda liiketoimintamalleja, jotka tyydyttävät kaikkia osapuolia. Ottamalla jonkin liiketoimintamallin käyttöönsä saneerauksia varten vesihuoltolaitos tulee samalla kiinnittäneeksi huomiota verkosto-omaisuutensa hallintaan. Sekä kuntapäättäjät että vesihuoltolaitokset ovat tietoisia saneerausvelasta ja saneerausten tarpeellisuudesta. Kuitenkin monet vastaajat olivat haluttomia nostamaan vesimaksuja saneerauskulujen kattamiseksi. Verkostosaneerausten tarve suomalaisilla vesihuoltolaitoksilla on ilmeinen, mutta keinot toteuttaa saneerauksia vähillä resursseilla puuttuvat. Liiketoimintamallit voivat osaltaan helpottaa tilannetta, mutta saneerausongelman ratkaisijoiksi niistä ei ole.
Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tehdä YIT:n laatujärjestelmää varten toimintaohjeet ja malli korjauskohteen tuotannonsuunnittelusta. Tutkimuksen testikohteelle laadittiin tuotantosuunnitelmat, jotka testattiin tutkimuksen aikana. Testikohteessa oli tilaohjelma, joka oli erilainen rakennuksen eri osissa. Toinen lohko soveltui toteutettavaksi toistuvana tilakorjauksena ja toinen kokonaistilakorjauksena. Kehitetyssä tuotantomallissa toistuvan rakennusosan aikataulu laadittiin ensin. Tavoitteena oli tasaisesti kuormitetut työryhmät. Jos työryhmän kuormitus ei ollut toistuvalla osalla jatkuvaa, käytettiin epäjatkuvia resursseja kokonaistilajärjestelyn tehtävien mitoituksessa. Kokonaistilajärjestelyn tehtävät suunniteltiin omilla resursseillaan jatkuviksi osakohteesta toiseen. Pienet muuhun tuotantoon tahdistumattomat työkohteet suunniteltiin tehtäväksi erillis- ja lainaresurssein. Tuotanto saatiin toteutumaan suunnitellulla tavalla pääurakoitsijan osalta. Tuotannossa esiintyneet häiriöt johtuivat pääurakoitsijalle alistettujen sivu-urakoitsijoiden resurssiongelmista. Pääurakoitsijan reagoidessa resurssiongelmiin, rakennuttaja ei toiminut riittävän määrätietoisesti sivu-urakoitsijoiden resurssien palauttamiseksi suunnitelman mukaisiksi. Tutkimus osoitti, että kahden tuotantomallin yhdistäminen esimerkkikohteessa oli hyvä ja tehokas toteutustapa, mutta sivu-urakat aiheuttavat pääurakoitsijalle ongelmia tiukasti ohjatussa tuotannossa. Tutkimuksen perusteella korjauskohteen rakennusosittain erilaiset osat pitää suunnitella usean tuotantomallin yhdistelmänä. Tuotannon valvonta ja ohjaus vaati eri tuotantomalleissa erilaista panostusta. Toistuvassa osassa työryhmätuotannon itseohjautuvat monitoimityökunnat eivät tarvinneet yhtä voimakasta ohjausta kuin kokonaistilajärjestelyn ammattiryhmittäin muodostetut työryhmät. Tuotannon valvonta- ja ohjaus kahden eri tuotantomallin välillä tarvitsee työnjohdon jatkuvaa ohjausta, jotta tuotantomallien vuorovaikutus saadaan tehokkaasti hyödynnetyksi. Tutkimuksen tuloksena kehitettiin korjauskohteen toimintaohjeet ja tuotantomalli kahden tuotantomallin yhdistämisestä samassa korjauskohteessa.
The importance of renovations is widely recognized, for example, due to renovation backlogs in the developed countries. The urbanization megatrend, among many other factors, is still increasing the need for renovations in the long run. One approach to review the renovation issue is the profitability of the companies that will tackle the increasing demand in the sector. By applying mainly quantitative methods, using the 15-year timeframe (2005–2019) and earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA) and return on assets (ROA) as measures, this study reviewed the profitability of the building renovation (BR) companies from two perspectives: how does focusing on certain special services (specialized BR) fare compared to focusing on a wide range of services (wide BR) and what are the profitability differences among specialized BR companies? The results show that, when reviewing the research timeframe in total, there are no differences in profitability between wide BR and specialized BR companies. However, an annual review reveals that specialized BR companies are profitability-wise more vulnerable to economic cycles. Among the specialized BR companies, there are several differences in profitability; classically, specialization in a niche market with a deliberate customer base and low competition level is gainful. The research provides new information about an unresearched area encouraging companies to re-think their strategic choices considering service specialization and performance.
Työssä tarkastellaan vaihtoehtoisia julkisivun korjausratkaisuja. Rakennuksessa tullaan uusimaan kaikki nosto- ja taiteovet yhdenmukaisiksi. Kolme kertaa laajennetun rakennuksen julkisivu päivitetään yhteneväksi metallisilla muoto- ja poimulevyillä, vanhat julkisivulasitukset uudelleen verhotaan teräspäällysteisillä sandwichelementeillä. Tämän opinnäytetyön lopputuloksena on julkisivupiirrokset rakennusvalvontaan.
This Master’s thesis is a study about how to re-organize and to improve existing building and townscape or cityscape by way of adding wooden elements. Wood as architectural construction material has three outstanding characteristics, its light weight in comparison of strength, its thermal capacity and its variety in structural form. These characteristics indicate superiority of wooden construction in extension construction. Because, wooden construction can be built on existing structure more easily for its light weight, can be built on existing structure without cold bridge for its thermal capacity, can be built on existing structure in any structural form according to existing structure for its variety in structural form. In today’s situation that cities are already full of existing buildings, to find better solution, greener and more effective solution for re-organizing existing building and cityscape to fit to new needs of city is inevitable. This Master’s thesis is a case study to find such solution in way of adding wooden elements. In the second part of the thesis, concepts of wooden extension were analyzed. The concepts were classi-fied into four according to characteristics, those are Vertical, Horizontal, Implant and Attach. Each concept was analyzed individually with examples, and applied to the design in the fifth part of the thesis according to the analysis. The site for the design was chosen in Rauma which is 250km north from Helsinki. Rauma has two different areas in town, the one is Old Rauma which is the area of remained old wooden buildings registered in UNESCO World Heritage in 1991, and the other is the area built with newer way. The site is on the border of the two, in newer side. In the third part of the thesis, analysis of the area and the existing building in the site was done. First, the analysis revealed that the site which is at the border of old and new area of the town is, at the same time, border of “organic and straight scape”, “small and big building scale”, “wood and concrete building material“, “commercial and cultural city function” and “border of two green spaces”. The goal of design was set to connect and buffer these differences. Secondly, the functional analysis revealed required program for the thesis site. Town planning office expected keeping existing commercial and parking function, and wished new housing and middle-scale hall for events. Music school and adult education center nearby the site has been in shortage of class rooms. As a result it was decided to design building as hybrid building of commercial, public, educational, housing and parking. In the fifth part, in design study part, some separated wooden volumes were added to the existing struc-ture with four extension concepts studied in the part two of the thesis, after partial demolition of existing concrete structure. The separation of volume was to connect different scale of old and new area of the town and to create spaces for walking and planting. Those separated volumes were integrated by terrace, cano-py and eaves set at some levels. These eaves and the spaces under eaves work also for communication be-tween new building and its surrounding. Different structural systems were applied for each volume to achieve different program inside. The parking volume was built with massive post and beam structure, the housing volume was built with post and beam around CLT structural cores with prefabricated wall ele-ments, the volume for the class room and another housing was built with assembling CLT wall and slab panels, and the volume for public function was built under repetition of 1000mm height beam to realize long span of the hall space.
The aim of this master`s thesis was to study environmentally friendly energy-efficient solutions, which can be utilized in the renovation and construction project of Kymenlaakso Central Hospital. Investment potential was calculated from cost savings due to energy-efficient solutions. The investment potential can be used in a part of the financing of investment project. The thesis is divided into theoretical literature review and empirical part. The empirical part is an action-oriented case study. Three scenarios based on reduction in energy consumption were formulated to define investment potential. The scenarios based on different methods to reduce energy consumption, results of researches and existing renovation project. The scenarios included the unequal combinations of electricity and heating energy reductions. The investment potential was produced by calculating the net present value of the future cost saving of energy consumption. As the results of study methods for developing energy efficiency were introduced and three variations of investment potential were produced. The results can be utilized in the goal setting and the investment appraisal of the design of renovation project.
Työssä selvitetään korjaus- ja uudisrakentamista Suomessa sekä ilmastointikojeen valintaan vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Korjausrakentamisen osuus on kasvamassa ja tilan puute on korjausrakentamisessa usein ongelma. Lähtökohtana on tilaavan tahon idea uudesta ilmastointikojeesta, jonka rakenne soveltuu erityisesti korjausrakentamiseen. Tutkimuksessa halutaan selvittää ilmastointikojeen markkinaympäristöä ja uuden kojeen rakenneratkaisu. Tarkoitus on selvittää idean jatkokehitysmahdollisuus ja mielenkiinto asiakasympäristössä. Tietoja IV-kojeen rakenneratkaisuun ja korjausrakentamisen ongelmiin hankittiin empiirisellä kyselytutkimuksella. Kyselytutkimus koostui joukosta väittämiä. Kyselytutkimus suunnattiin rakennuttajille, urakoitsijoille ja iv-suunnittelijoille, joista suunnittelijoiden osuus on merkittävin. Tutkimus toteutettiin sähköpostikyselynä ja haastatteluina. Kaikkiaan saatiin 124 analysoitavaa vastausta. Tutkimuksessa kävi selville, että uudelle rakenneratkaisulle on kysyntää. Vastaajat olivat erityisen kiinnostuneita kojeesta, joka saastaa tilaa ja on helppo asentaa. Työ tuotti selvityksen yrityksen tuotekehitysprojektin paatoksenteon tueksi perustuen kyselytutkimuksen vastauksiin.
In recent decades, energy-efficiency improvements and ageing dwelling stocks have grown the renovation need in many countries. This research compares the profitability of building renovation companies and companies specializing in new construction using financial statement analysis and analysis of variance. Profitability is assessed through EBITDA and return on assets (ROA). Debt to equity (D/E) ratio as a solvency measure supports the analysis. The findings show micro and small companies in the new building sector have a statistically significant advantage in EBITDA over renovation in same size groups; projects in the renovation sector appear to be more complex, especially in terms of design, causing cost overruns. The more cyclical nature of new construction, however, equalizes EBITDA differences over time. Medium-size companies overall had the lowest EBITDA following the 2008–2009 financial crisis. ROA was generally higher for the renovation sector highlighting the more capital-intensive nature of new construction; unsold apartments and land for future projects hold capital, which results in higher D/E ratios. D/E ratios also revealed that both sectors have faced the COVID-19 pandemic less indebted compared to the 2008–2009 financial crisis. Since both sectors’ profitability has been decreasing during the research period (2005–2019), actions are needed especially in the renovation sector, which has an increasingly important role in developed societies.
We propose a facile, cost-efficient, environmentally friendly, and scalable process to renew single-walled carbon nanotube membranes serving as extreme ultraviolet (EUV) protective pellicles. The method comprises of high-temperature treatment of the membrane by Joule (resistive) heating at temperatures higher than 1000 °C and pressure below 0.3 Pa. Using model Sn aerosol nanoparticles, the primary contaminant from extreme ultraviolet light sources, we demonstrate the proposed method to clean the membrane with the power consumption as low as 20 W/cm2. We show the proposed method to cause no harm to carbon nanotube structure, opening a route towards multiple membrane renovation. We confirm the applicability of the approach using in situ deposition from the semi-industrial EUV light source and subsequent Sn-based contaminant removal, which restores the EUV-UV-vis-NIR transmittance of the film and, therefore, the light source performance. The proposed method supports pulse-cycling opening an avenue for enhanced protection of the lithography mask and stable performance of the EUV light source. Additionally, the approach suits other composite contaminants based on such species as Pb, In, Sb, etc.
Rakennetulla ympäristöllä on merkittävä osuus ilmastonmuutoksen etenemisen hillitsemisessä ja energiatehokkuuden parantamisessa. Tällä hetkellä korjausrakentamisen osuus on n. 50 % rakentamisen kokonaisvolyymistä Suomessa. Olemassa olevan rakennuskannan energiatehokkuuden parantamisella on keskeinen rooli, koska rakennuskanta uusiutuu hitaasti. Rakennusten korjausvelan jatkuva kasvaminen alkaa myös muodostua ongelmaksi Suomessa. Erityisesti 1960- ja 1970-luvuilla rakennetut asuinkerrostalot muodostavat merkittävän osan Suomen rakennuskannasta, joille on tehtävä merkittäviä peruskorjaustoimenpiteitä lähivuosien aikana. Lisäksi näiden rakennustyyppien ominaisenergiankulutukset ovat korkeat. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää kustannusoptimaaliset energiakorjausratkaisut tyypillisille suomalaisille 1960-luvulla rakennetuille asuinkerrostaloille. Lämpöpumppujen rooli energiatehokkuuden parantamisessa oli keskeisessä asemassa tutkimuksessa. Tästä johtuen työn keskeisin tavoite oli määrittää elinkaarikustannuksiltaan kustannusoptimaaliset energiakorjausratkaisut kaikille tyypillisille päälämmitysjärjestelmille, jotka ovat käytössä suomalaisissa asuinkerrostaloissa. Päälämmitysjärjestelmiksi valittiin maalämpöpumppu, ilma-vesilämpöpumppu, poistoilmalämpöpumppu ja kaukolämpö. Näille järjestelmille määritettiin kustannusoptimaaliset tasot. Työn yhtenä tavoitteena oli myös tuottaa ehdotus järkevästä lähes nollaenergiatasosta olemassa oleville asuinkerrostaloille eri lämmitysjärjestelmien kustannusoptimaalisia tasoja vertailemalla. Työn tutkimusmenetelmänä käytettiin energiasimulointiin perustuvaa monitavoite-optimointia. Simulointityökaluna käytettiin IDA ICE -ohjelmistoa (versio 4.6.1) ja optimointityökaluna MOBO (Multi-Objective Building Optimization) -ohjelmistoa. Elinkaarikustannuslaskennassa otettiin huomioon kaikki energiatehokkuustoimenpiteisiin liittyvät kustannukset mahdollisimman tarkasti. Realististen lopputulosten saavuttamiseksi tutkimuksessa otettiin lisäksi huomioon myös energiatehokkuutta parantamattomat peruskorjaustoimenpiteet, jotta rakennuksen korjausvelka ei kasvaisi. Monitavoite-optimoinnissa energiatehokkuuden mittarina käytettiin rakennuksen E-lukua. Optimoitavia energiakorjausvaihtoehtoja olivat rakennuksen ulkovaipan lisäeristäminen, ikkunoiden vaihto, ilmanvaihtoremontti, aurinkosähkö- ja aurinkolämpöjärjestelmien pinta-alat sekä lämpöpumppujärjestelmien mitoitustehot. Maalämpöjärjestelmä osoittautui selvästi kustannusoptimaalisimmaksi päälämmitysjärjestelmäksi. Kaikki lämpöpumppujärjestelmät osoittautuivat energiatehokkaammiksi lämmitysjärjestelmäratkaisuiksi kuin kaukolämpö. Tulokset osoittivat, että ulkoseinien lisäeristäminen ei ole kannattava energiatehokkuustoimenpide. Suositeltavia energiakorjausratkaisuja ovat investoinnit lämpöpumppuihin ja uusiutuvan energian tuotantojärjestelmiin. Energiakorjausratkaisujen kustannusoptimaalinen taso asettui lähelle uudisrakentamisen energiatehokkuuden minimivaatimustasoa. Työn tulosten perusteella järkevä lähes nollaenergiataso olemassa oleville asuinkerrostaloille on Erak = 130 kWhE/(m2,a), koska kustannusoptimaalinen taso oli tulosten mukaan 130 kWh/(m2,a). Herkkyystarkastelut osoittivat, että valitulla energiakorjausinvestoinnin tuotto-odotuksella on kohtalaisen suuri vaikutus suositeltaviin energiakorjausratkaisuihin.
Material kitting has been proposed as an effective solution to organize just-in-time (JIT) material deliveries around assembly tasks; however, its applicability and impact on construction projects has not been thoroughly studied. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the applicability of kitting by focusing on its impact on work performance and requirements for management. The authors conducted a case study to analyze a kitting intervention in a general contractor and logistics company, comparing four renovation projects in the indoor construction phase with and without kitting. Findings indicate that kitting can stabilize assembly work and increase workplace utilization and on-site labor productivity. However, it requires centralized material logistics, smooth information flow between operations, and subcontractors' commitment to the production model. This research contributes to the connection between material logistics and work performance, suggesting that kitting should be linked to a redesign of the general production model toward a synchronized takt-based production system. The research is limited to four projects.
The main aims of this study were to map out themarketing potential of concrete blocks for lifts in renovation of apartment buildings, estimate companys resources in marketing and designing, to draw up plansto further develop the existing system and to evaluate the financial viability of the business. The study includes both theoretical and empiric part. In the theoretical part the theory of marketing, developing of business, methods of competition and ways to carry it out was analysed by literature. The potential market in the future was found out through commit objects in market research. Finally investment cost for rising demand was counted and the price for the product was estimated. With these figures the profitability of the business was counted in the study. In the company there is a profit goal for investments and this business to manufacture and sell elevator shafts for renovations proved to be profitable..
In this thesis quality control of trenchless sewer renovation contract was researched at different stages of the project. The aim was to identify qualitative weaknesses related to trenchless sewer renovation and its contract by using cure in place pipe-method abbreviated to CIPP, and whether the subscriber company could develop its own quality control process. The quality control weaknesses of the trenchless sewer renovation project were investigated by interviewing the employees and executive of the subscriber company, who have many years of experience in the field and are experts in the field. In addition to interviews, the subscriber company’s electronic documents were used to obtain information. Trenchless sewer renovation means sewer pipe renovation without breaking structures using CIPP-method. In CIPP, a polyester plastic-coated sock, impregnated with epoxy, is inserted into the old drainage pipe using compressed air. The sock forms a self-supporting tube as it cures inside of the old drainage pipe.
The final year project aimed at reviewing and analyzing current energy efficient renovation strategies for Soviet era residential buildings, using Estonia as an example. A local renovation support scheme called KredEx and EU´s SmartEnCity project, both of which aim at reducing energy consumption in residential buildings and communities, were reviewed and analyzed. A renovation project engineer was interviewed to get technical details of the solutions applied for 17 multi-story residential buildings renovated under the SmartEnCity project in Tartu, Estonia. Literary sources were studied in order to establish if the local renovation grant scheme is successful in achieving its goals, such as getting apartment owners involved into renovation and making the buildings significantly less energy demanding It was established that a combination of state support and rising of community awareness about the benefits of energy saving play a significant role in increasing the apartment owners’ willingness to renovate. Furthermore, it was established that the EU aims at creating pan European sustainability regulations and practices, which may lead the European community towards a cleaner future with significantly reduced CO2 emissions. The study showed that combination of energy efficiency regulations, technical supervision and state funding can lead to significant energy savings by retrofitted buildings while maintaining the monthly apartment costs almost on the same level as before the renovation. This thesis might help to take a closer look on outcomes of renovation stimulating programs and their cost effectiveness as well as to compare different community sustainability solutions.
The purpose of the thesis work was to create an inventory and renovation models and to implement the inventory modeling process for a single-family house. The house is situated in Estonia, Harju County. The author of the thesis and the instructor decided the modeling process to be done using Autodesk Revit 2018 software. The thesis consists of theoretical and practical parts. In the theoretical part the author describes the main features of BIM and Autodesk Revit program. The practical part consists of modeling the single-family house, producing IFC-files, making the Tekla BIMsight package file, filling in the model description document Excel sheet and uploading all the files to the Trimble Connect service. The client and the instructor were provided with all the files related to the project. All the renovation decisions were made in cooperation with the client and under the supervision of the instructor. The client was satisfied with the renovation project design suggested by the author of the thesis work.
Abstract The aim of this study is to determine the phases of development and the present state of the parsonages of the Evangelic Lutheran Church of Finland built before 1940. The study also surveyed the ownership and current use of preserved parsonages. A summary was compiled of what Finnish parsonages actually are today and an estimate was made of what their future could be like in light of the information on their renovation and condition acquired in this study. This study is divided into two main parts. The first part, primarily consisting of literary research, takes a look at parsonage construction and buildings in the overall setting of relevant legislation and historic and social changes. The development of parsonages as building types and courtyards was studied and the effects of structural innovations and customs on construction were examined. In this conjunction the development of the style of parsonages is covered from the 1600s to the present. The second part of the study examines the process of change in parsonages and their repair after the Second World War and analyses changes in milieus and scenery at the end of the 1900s. A significant part of the study consists of a look at the present use of the parsonages included in the study, as well as a review of questions related to their renovation and conservation. Parsonages protected by the Building Conservation Act are examined separately. To assess the current state of parsonages, a field study of 423 parsonages was made. This field study consisted of surveying the present condition of the buildings and milieus, determining their use and ownership, evaluating their chances of being preserved, and determining their history of renovations. Approximately 300 parsonage owners, renters and parish workers were interviewed and all the parsonages and their surroundings were photographed. Four parsonages, which are representative of Finnish parsonages with respect to age, location, history and use, are examined in this study as examples. In 1935 about one fifth of buildings used as parsonages were destroyed. Approximately 560 parsonages built before 1940 still exist. About half of the 357 parsonages owned by parishes are used as parsonages. After the war renovation has changed from upkeep to complete renovation. The examination of the current state and condition of parsonages indicated that too thorough renovation is the greatest threat to the buildings. The study looks into the possibilities and problems involved in the various uses and repair methods of old parsonages. However, it is not possible to present only one recommended model for use or renovation.
Tässä diplomityössä on tarkasteltu Vantaan Energia Oy:n kaukolämpöverkkoa perusparannussuunnittelun näkökulmasta. Kaukolämpöjohtojen ikää ei voida käyttää perusparantamista ohjaavana tekijänä, sillä osa johdoista on vielä vuosikymmenien käytön jälkeenkin erinomaisessa kunnossa. Sen sijaan monilla muilla tekijöillä, kuten vaihtelevalla rakentamisen laadulla ja liikenteen aiheuttamalla kuormituksella, on monesti havaittavissa paljon keskeisempi vaikutus yksittäisten johto-osuuksien vikaantuvuuksiin. Käytännön perusparannussuunnittelua varten työssä on arvioitu vuosittain tarvittavan perusparannusvolyymin tasoa ja tavoitevolyymin mahdillistavan budjetin suuruutta. Rajallisten perusparannusresurssien kohdistamiseksi tarkoituksenmukaisesti työssä on määritelty myös eritoten kriittiseksi luokiteltava johtokanta, jota systemaattisen perusparantamisen tulisi ensisijaisesti koskea. Hyväkuntoisia kaukolämpöjohtoja ei ole tarkoituksenmukaista vaihtaa ensitilassa, vaikka ne olisivatkin luokiteltavissa kriittisiin johtoihin, minkä vuoksi työssä on kartoitettu Vantaan kaukolämpöverkon huonokuntoisimmat johto-osuudet vauriotilastomateriaalin perusteella. Toisaalta perusparannuskohteista päättäminen ei voi myöskään perustua pelkästään yksittäisten huonokuntoisten johto-osuuksien tunnistamiseen. Kaukolämpöverkko on sen sijaan nähtävä kokonaisuutena, jossa eri johto-osuuksilla on toisiinsa nähden erilainen rooli ja merkitys. Tämän huomioimiseksi verkosta laadittiin riskikartoitus, jossa suuren vaurioriskin takia kriittisten johtojen lisäksi nimettiin myös lämmöntoimituksen ja -tuotannon sekä turvallisuuden kannalta kriittiset johto-osuudet. Riskikartoituksen avulla on tarkoitus saada aikaisempaa helpommin käsitys ensi tilassa perusparannettavista kohteista ja toimia päätöksenteon työkaluna sen kuitenkin jättäessä varsinaisen perusparannusjärjestyksen määrittämisen vielä päätöksentekovastuussa olevalla. Perusparantamisen ollessa rahallisesti mittava investointi tarkasteltiin työn lopussa myös johtojen uusimisen taloudellista kannattavuutta huomioiden perusparantamisella saavutettavissa olevat säästöpotentiaalit, kuten lämpöhäviöiden ja korjauskustannusten pieneneminen. Laskelmaesimerkkien perusteella perusparantamista ei voida pitää taloudellisesti kannattavana investointina, vaikka saavutettavissa olevat säästöt ovatkin merkittäviä. Kustannussäästöjä voidaan kuitenkin pitää erinomaisena lisäperusteena johto-osuuksien uusimiselle verkon käyttävyyden ja luotettavuuden parantamisen ollessa kuitenkin ensisijainen tavoite.
Abstract The paper presents cost-optimal energy performance improving measures conducted in deep renovations of typical Finnish (cold climate) brick apartment buildings, built in the 1960’s. The study discusses the effects of different renovation measures on the energy performance and economic viability in a selected building. Energy performance is studied from the primary energy consumption’s perspective and cost-effective renovation measures to meet higher energy performance criteria are also studied. The cost-optimal renovation concepts to meet different energy performance criteria were determined from over 2 billion potential renovation measure combinations by using sophisticated simulation-based multi-objective optimisation (SBMOO) analysis, utilising the advanced Pareto-Archive NSGA-II genetic algorithm, as the main research method. The SBMOO analysis was used to minimise the primary energy consumption and the net present value of life-cycle cost over a 25-year discount period simultaneously. The results indicate that the cost optimum renovation solutions of the brick apartment building stock provide the same energy performance criteria as the current national minimum energy performance requirements of new apartment buildings. According to the study, the investments should be focused on high performance renewable energy production systems, which deliver the best return on investment. External financial support mechanisms are also required to encourage apartment building owners to conduct deep renovations towards nearly zero-energy apartment buildings.
The Finnish Government target of carbon neutrality by 2035 is challenging for the district heat (DH) systems of Finnish cities, as nearly 50% of the DH fuels are still fossil or peat. The DH price in Finnish cities is rising intensively. To avoid energy poverty, it is imperative to develop low-carbon DH solutions affordable for all customers. The feasibility of various low-carbon scenarios supplying a DH network is investigated with three different energy renovation levels. Biomass combustion technologies (combined heat and power (CHP) and heat only boiler (HOB)) and waste heat recovery technologies (Heat Pump and Electric Boiler) are analyzed. The economic and sensitivity analyses of the DH network are carried out from utility and end-user viewpoints. The operation cost and break-even price of heat are calculated in different renovation levels. Biomass HOB has the lowest operation cost at all renovation levels followed by waste heat-heat pump. Waste heat-heat pump + electric boiler has the lowest total cost,53–58 €/MWh, at all renovation levels. Waste heat recovery scenarios were found sensitive to changes in electricity price. Waste heat-heat pump has the lowest overall emissions, whereas biomass combustion causes high emissions of biogenic CO2, NOx and particulate matter.
Member countries of the European Union have released targets to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 80% by the year 2050. Energy use in buildings is a major source of these emissions, which is why this study focused on the cost-optimal renovation of Finnish apartment buildings. Apartment buildings from four different construction years (pre-1976, 1976–2002, 2003–2009 and post-2010) were modelled, using three different heating systems: district heating, ground-source heat pump and exhaust air heat pump. Multi-objective optimisation was utilised to find the most cost-effective energy renovation measures. Most cost-effective renovation measures were ground-source heat pumps, demand-based ventilation and solar electricity. Additional thermal insulation of walls was usually too expensive. By performing only the cost-effective renovations, the emissions could be reduced by 80%, 82%, 69% and 68%, from the oldest to the newest buildings, respectively. This could be done with the initial investment cost of 296, 235, 115 and 104 €/m2, respectively.
Taideprojektina tässä opinnäytetyössä on vanhan talonpoikaiskaapin uudistaminen kunnostuksen ja kalligrafian keinoin. Työn toteutus edellytti perehtymistä entisöintiin/kunnostukseen liittyviin menetelmiin, työvaiheisiin ja välineisiin. Aluksi pohdin kodin merkitystä taiteen sijoituspaikkana sekä taiteen ja hyvinvoinnin suhdetta. Lisäksi etsin vastausta kysymykseen onko oikein uudistaa vanha, kansanperinteeksi katsottava talonpoikaisesine. Raportissa kuvataan, miten opinnäytetyön prosessi eteni ja miten sen sisäisesti koin. Lopuksi pohdin kalligrafian merkitystä itselleni, sekä kalligrafian mahdollisuuksia taiteessa ja taiteena.
High heating expenses are observed in numerous Chinese rural houses located in severe cold regions due to the high heating demand, inferior envelope performance and low-efficiency heating equipment. The local traditional heating methods include Chinese Kangs and coal boilers with water-based radiators. The intermittent operation and manual regulation of these systems result in significant temperature differences and inadequate thermal comfort. This study presents the cost-optimal envelope renovation solutions with the minimized lifecycle cost (LCC) during a 20-year discount period and CO2 emissions of annual delivered energy consumptions. A single-family detached rural house in Harbin was used as a case building, illustrating the typical state of comparable houses in this climate context. Simulation-based multi-optimization analysis was conducted in this study using the building simulation tool IDA ICE and its integrated optimization tool AutoMOO. The results indicate that the cost-optimal renovation solutions with intermittent and continuous heating can cut CO2 emissions by 30% and 40%, respectively. The LCC with intermittent heating is still 7% greater than its pre-renovation case, which may require external financial support to encourage the renovation conduction, while the LCC with continuous heating decreased by 8% after renovation. According to the comparison results, cost-optimal solutions have significant advantages in both reductions of LCC and CO2 emissions over standard-based solutions. Moreover, utilizing intermittent heating is more effective than continuous heating in demonstrating the positive impacts of envelope renovation on increasing average temperature, decreasing temperature differences and lowering occupied time at low thermal comfort levels.
The purpose of Bachelor’s thesis was to analyse the process of carrying out the reconstruction project. Another goal was to systematize the most optimal methods with the issuance of recommendations for its consummation. In addition, it was important to understand how determination of the actual technical condition of load-bearing structures and conception of its behaviour could influence on justifying of selected constructive solutions. Masonry structures were as an example for this matter. The thesis structure is divided into two parts. The theoretical part of this thesis was assembled from technical literature and it was filled in completely with personal reflection and work experience in conjunction with scientific articles. The practical part was based on the available construction design documents of the car wash’s reconstruction project in the city of Moscow. This part includes calculations, plan, elevations and assembly drawings. This thesis was commissioned by “Carel Group” Ltd. The results of the thesis demonstrate the progress of implementation of the reconstruction project with explanation of the reasons for carrying out certain measures to solve both constructive and economic issues. It contains ideas of improving the leading of reconstruction project. Besides that, it include guidance on exposure and elimination of masonry problems, as the structural unit, which was selected as the object of analysis. The thesis primarily can be useful in acquaintance with a direction of the construction, such as the reconstruction of buildings, since it contains all information necessary to know at the initial stage.
Tämä opinnäytetyö laadittiin Ramboll Finland Oy:n kiinteistöt & rakentaminen talotoimialayksikölle. Työn tarkoituksena oli kehittää talotoimialayksikön käytössä olevaa korjausrakentamisen palvelu-konseptia. Työ laadittiin selkeyttämään rakennesuunnittelijan roolia, asemaa ja valtuuksia korjausrakentamisen systemaattisen prosessinhallinnan kannalta. Työssä käsiteltiin korjausrakentamisen prosessi johdonmukaisesti syventymällä toimintamallin mu-kaisesti sisäilmahaittaepäilyksen perusselvityksestä lähtötilannekartoitukseen ja edelleen riskiarvioon, korjaussuunnitteluvaihtoehtojen tarkasteluun ja jatkuen toimintamallin mukaisesti seuranta-suunnitelman johtopäätökseen saakka. Työssä tarkasteltiin rakentamista ja kiinteistönomistajaa ohjaavan lainsäädännön vaikutuksia korjausrakentamisen palvelukonseptiin. Työn lopputuloksena kehitettiin toimintamallia rakennesuunnittelijan työkaluksi onnistuneen korjausrakentamisen kokonaispalvelukonseptin tarpeisiin.
As the building sector acts as an important CO2 emissions source, it is essential to renovate the existing building stock for carbon neutrality in the EU. The study reveals the effects of several novel renovation technologies on building energy consumption and CO2 emissions through building simulations. An English semi-detached house and a Spanish terraced house were chosen as the simulated demo houses. Renovation technologies were divided into passive, ventilation, and generation packages and simulated by packages and final combinations. Insulating breath membrane and bio-aerogel thermal insulation are the most appropriate single technology for lowering CO2 emissions for the English and Spanish demo houses, respectively. For generation technologies, solar assisted heat pump is a more recommended CO2 emissions conservation technology than PVT system in both climate conditions. The demo houses’ CO2 emissions can be reduced maximally by over 70% after renovating with the final combination including solar assisted heat pump. The current economic feasibility of the novel technologies is limited by various issues, for example, manufacturing costs and energy prices. Nevertheless, considering most of the issues can be solved with time, they will be economically feasible renovation measures in the future.
In the pursuit of mitigating the effects of climate change the European Union and the government of Finland have set targets for emission reductions for the near future. This study examined the carbon emission reduction potential in the Finnish energy system with power-to-heat (P2H) coupling of the electricity and heat sectors with different housing renovation levels. The measures conducted in the energy system were conducted as follows. Wind power generation was increased in the Finnish power system with 10 increments. For each of these, the operation of hydropower was optimized to maximize the utilization of new wind generation. The excess wind generation was used to replace electricity and heat from combined heat and power production for district heating. The P2H conversion was performed by either 2000 m deep borehole heat exchangers coupled to heat pumps, with possible priming of heat, or with electrode boilers. The housing stock renovated to different levels affected both the electricity and district heating demands. The carbon emission reduction potential of the building renovation measures, and the energy system measures were determined over 25 years. Together with the required investment costs for the different measures, unit costs of emission reductions, €/t-CO2, were determined. The lowest unit cost solution of different measures was established, for which the unit cost of emission reductions was 241 €/t-CO2 and the reduced carbon emissions 11.3 Mt-CO2 annually. Moreover, the energy system measures were found to be less expensive compared to the building renovation measures, in terms of unit costs, and the P2H coupling a cost-efficient manner to increase the emission reductions.
The aim of this research was to write down a business plan focused on the relation between housing and energy savings possibilities. After several drafts, different ideas/possibilities and discussions, the business idea was established in Cork, south of Ireland and mainly focused on renovation of houses and apartments. This will enable owners to save money and even create a profit out of their renovations, while improving the efficiency of their houses either in energy or life experience. The service provided by the company will be a full expertise on possible installations which can be done in the owner's dwelling according to their requests, needs and possible investment.
Energy use in buildings is a major source of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Europe. Energy use is a major expense for building owners, but also a source of tax revenue for the government. Deep energy retrofitting of buildings can significantly reduce the energy consumption and CO2 emissions of buildings. However, the environmental benefits are linked to the CO2 emissions of the national energy grid. Deep retrofits have a significant cost and are not always cost-effective for building owners. On the other hand, they require a lot of investments and labor, which provides employment for citizens and tax revenue for governments. This study examines the environmental and economic impacts of large-scale deep energy retrofitting in the Finnish apartment building stock continuing until 2050. Low and high impact retrofit configurations were obtained from a previous study, which utilized simulation-based multi-objective optimization to find cost-effective solutions. Four archetypes of apartment buildings from time periods of different building codes were used to form the building stock. A building stock model based on Finnish statistics was used to estimate the future changes in the building stock. The study combines optimized energy retrofitting configurations and the building stock model to estimate the energy consumption development in the building stock undergoing large-scale retrofitting. Three retrofitting timelines were tested to show the effect of immediate and delayed retrofitting action. Then, a new socio-economic model was used to calculate the impact of energy retrofitting on the CO2 emissions, life cycle cost, tax revenue, employment and foreign fossil fuel imports. The effect of energy grid decarbonization and long-term scheduling of the retrofits were also examined. The results show that by 2050, the CO2 emissions of the building stock were reduced by 12–30% compared to the reference scenario with energy grid decarbonization, but no building energy retrofitting. A million euros invested into retrofitting created 15–17 jobs. Economic viability for the building owners was inversely correlated with the changes in tax revenues for the government. Cost-effective retrofitting reduced energy-based tax revenues more than it created new tax revenues through direct employment, thus providing a funding challenge for governments desiring to advance building retrofitting. However, more money would be left in the local economy due to reduced fossil fuel imports, but induced economic effects were not analyzed in this study.
The paper presents cost-optimal renovation solutions and economic viability of different renovation measures to maximize environmental performance, thermal comfort conditions and productivity of workers in office buildings built in the late 1970s and 1980s in cold climate regions. The study also analyzes optimal combinations of renovation measures and HVAC system set points to maximize thermal comfort conditions and productivity of the building users. The productivity loss caused by unfavorable indoor thermal comfort conditions was integrated in the LCC analysis (15-year life-cycle period) of the study using an appropriate method to estimate the amount of lost performance of workers caused by the productivity loss. Simulation-based multi-objective optimization analysis was used as the research method of the study. Environmental impact of the renovation measures was studied by assessing the CO2 emissions of the delivered energy consumption. The results demonstrate that as high as 65% return on investment and 63% reduction in the CO2 emissions of operation can be achieved in owner occupied office buildings, when both the energy efficiency and the thermal comfort conditions are cost-optimally improved simultaneously. According to the results, the cost optimum energy production system concept is a ground source heat pump system used for combined heating and cooling.
Bringing sustainability in warehousing is very crucial for the implementation of green logistics. It is estimated that industrial buildings consume 4% more energy than transportation and with growing population and less resources, the challenge of building green warehouse is getting harder. Building a green warehouse has two possible options, one is new construction and the other is renovation of existing warehouse. Both options require huge investments. The main purpose of this research is to find the most common features for devel-oping the sustainability level in warehouses and the estimated implementation cost for the features. Green building, renewable energy, LED lights, district heating, electric forklifts and conveyors etc are the most common requirements for sus-tainable warehouse. Using renewable energy for LED lighting, district heating and electric warehouse equipment saves up to 50% of operational costs withing a 10-years’ time. Making a sustainable warehouse can reduce the amount of carbon emission by as much as 32%, and only a few changes in traditional warehouses can bring this change to the environment. Investment in sustainable warehousing initially is very expensive, and often very difficult to convince the investors about its long-term benefits
A variety of life cycle assessment (LCA) calculation methods and rules exist in European countries for building performance evaluation based on new-build. However, the increased focus on the retention and renovation of the existing building stock raises questions about the appropriateness of these the methods and rules when applied to renovation cases. Using a real renovation case, Danish, Finnish and Swedish LCA-based greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe) assessments are assessed for how they position building renovation in relation to demolition and new-build reference values. The influence of these three different methods is examined for future development policies. Results show that upfront emissions for renovation are significantly lower for all approaches. The Swedish approach had the lowest GHG emissions compared with a scenario with demolition and new-build due to the method, which only includes upfront emissions of new materials. The Danish and Finnish renovation cases each performed worse in comparison with the new-build future emissions, specifically from operational energy use. Therefore, method development should consider incentives for upfront and future emissions. Furthermore, methods could account for the existing materials in the building, which are included in the Danish and Finnish approaches. This would provide incentive for renovation and reuse.
This study examines how the energy renovation of old detached houses affects the hourly power consumption of heating and electricity in Finland. As electrification of heating through heat pumps becomes more common, the effects on the grid need to be quantified. Increased fluctuation and peak power demand could increase the need for fossil-based peaking power plants or call for new investments to the distribution infrastructure. The novelty in this study is the focus on hourly power demand instead of just annual energy consumption. Identifying the influence of building energy retrofits on the instantaneous power demand can help guide policy and investments into building retrofits and related technology. The work was done through dynamic building simulation and utilized building configurations obtained through multi-objective optimization. Deep energy retrofits decreased both the total and peak heating power consumption. However, the use of air-source heat pumps increased the peak power demand of electricity in district heated and wood heated buildings by as much as 100%. On the other hand, peak power demand in buildings with direct electric heating was reduced by 30 to 40%. On the building stock level, the demand reduction in buildings with direct electric heating could compensate for the increase in the share of buildings with ground-source heat pumps, so that the national peak electricity demand would not increase. This prevents the increase of demand for high emission peaking power plants as heat pump penetration rises. However, a use is needed for the excess solar electricity generated by the optimally retrofitted buildings, because much of the solar electricity cannot be utilized in the single-family houses during summer.
The development of the concept of sustainability in the built environment has contributed to increasing the standards and quality of new buildings. However, the increased standards have caused existing buildings to rapidly fall into disuse, often resulting in demolition. A significant number of buildings are currently getting demolished without any vital threats, although it would be possible, albeit not common, to reuse such buildings. The first part of the thesis examines the causes of obsolescence in detail. The second part of the thesis proposes solutions against obsolescence affecting Mannerheimintie 14 building, based on the results of the research shown in Part 1 of the thesis. Mannerheimintie 14 in Helsinki, that was decided to be demolished in 2022, was chosen as a case study to explore solutions to extend the building’s lifespan. Main reasons for building obsolescence in Mannerheimintie 14 are mainly social obsolescence and functional obsolescence, because the concept of ‘office’ has changed since the 1960’s, when the building was originally constructed. My alternative design, named ‘RE 14’, proposes modern office- and commercial spaces in the building to overcome the building’s obsolescence, that initially led to the decision to demolish the building. The thesis aims to point out the misconceptions linked to reusing existing buildings and to prove that reusing is not only possible but also sensible in most cases. Reusing a building has economic, social, and environmental benefits that cannot be disregarded easily, and it should become a more common practice if sustainability in the construction sector is to be achieved.
Tämän diplomityön tavoitteena oli tutkia saneeraus- ja remontoimistuotteiden osalta maahantuontia Suomeen ja transitoliikennettä Suomen kautta Venäjälle. Lähtökohtana oli Suomen logistinen asema ja mahdolliset kilpailukykyyn vaikuttavat tekijät, joista on luotu potentiaalisia tulevaisuuden kuvia. Kaikki tulokset johdettiin LOADER/CLIENT –tutkimusprojektin yhteyksistä. Tutkimuksen tavoitteisiin päästiin empiiristä tutkimusta varten kootun teorian kautta, joka koostuu toimitusketjun hallinnasta ja tämänhetkisestä parhaimmasta käytännöstä eli ns. kolmen A:n menetelmästä. Lisäksi teoriaosuudessa tarkasteltiin toimitusketjun yritysten välisiä suhteita, kansainväliseen toimitusketjuun liittyviä tekijöitä sekä tulevaisuuden haasteita. Työn empiiristä tutkimustietoa kerättiin pääasiassa haastattelujen, mutta myös muiden tutkimuksen tuloksien kautta. Tutkimusmenetelmä oli laadullinen puolistrukturoitu teemahaastattelu, jota varten ryhmä remontoimiseen ja saneeraukseen liittyviä yrityksiä ja heidän käyttämiä logistisia operaattoreita sekä projektin johtoryhmää haastateltiin. Tutkimuksen tulosten mukaan suurin osa haastatelluista yrityksistä näkee Suomen logistisen aseman hyvänä tällä hetkellä ja lähivuosina. Etenkin arvotavaroiden transito- kuljetuksissa Suomen asema nähdään vahvana vuosien kokemuksen ansiosta. Tällä hetkellä arvotavaroiden toimitusaika ja kokonaiskustannukset varastoimisineen ja käsittelyineen ovat vastaavia tai jopa edullisempia verrattuna esimerkiksi reitteihin Baltian maiden kautta. Baltian maiden kehitys voi heikentää Suomen kilpailukykyä hetkellisesti, mutta todennäköisesti ei pidemmällä aikavälillä. Haastateltujen henkilöiden mielestä Suomen logistiseen kilpailukykyyn tulevaisuudessa vaikuttaa eniten kaksi kriittistä tekijää. Suomen tulisi ensinnäkin keskittyä ja kehittää arvotavaran transitokuljetuksia. Toiseksi, säilyttääkseen kilpailukykynsä, Suomen satamien palveluiden kuten tullin ja ahtaajien tulisi olla joustavasti käytettävissä 24 tuntia vuorokaudessa vuoden jokaisena päivänä.
Continuously increasing energy prices and tightening energy efficiency regulations set a great challenge for student housing foundations. Income level of students is not following fast increase of energy price and the only option to keep student housing price level low enough is to concentrate more on increasing energy efficiency. This Master’s Thesis provides an impulse for energy efficiency work of Lappeenranta student housing foundation (LOAS). The main goal is that energy efficiency work will be continuous and daily activity in LOAS organization. Energy efficiency work started out with making the acquaintance of other student housing foundations and energy efficiency in Finnish buildings. After statistical research there were energy inspections made for all LOAS buildings. Those in-spections revealed LOAS buildings presented situation of energy efficiency. On the strength of observation made development of energy efficiency were started with some pilot study in separate LOAS buildings. On the strength of pilot results the final proposal for action were made. This Master’s Thesis also created rec-ommendations to energy efficiency actions in LOAS next renovation targets. Results of the Master’s Thesis were remarkable for increasing energy efficiency in LOAS buildings. After making all energy efficiency actions in LOAS buildings the energy efficiency level of LOAS will be one of the most impressive among the student housing foundations.
The main scope of this research was to investigate the possibility of application of the survey services provided by Vahanen in St. Petersburg. The correspondence of the facilities and the needs of the market state was discussed. The study was commissioned by the representative of Vahanen Group. This study was carried out at the inspection objects of Vahanen at Espoo at the summer of the 2014. In addition the visit of the laboratories of the main office of the company was provided in order deepen the information about the testing methods and techniques. Lifeline of the renovation project and its stages were briefly examined. Based on the obtained information it was possible to make a conclusion that the Finnish and Russian ways of providing the surveys and the renovation services have lots of similarities. Each investigated method has the detailed description and applicability field on the market of St. Petersburg. The recommendations and the opinion about such services can be used for the estimation of the benefits of the presence on the Russian market.
Rakennusalan tietomallipohjaista tiedonhallintaa on kehitetty aktiivisesti 2000-luvulla. Suomessakin on tehty useita tietomallintamista edistäviä kehityshankkeita, joiden pohjalta on julkaistu Yleiset tietomallivaatimukset 2012 -julkaisusarja, jossa selostetaan ja ohjeistetaan rakennushankkeen eri vaiheiden ja osapuolten tehtävät. Tässä insinöörityössä tutkittiin uudis- ja korjausrakentamishankkeiden tietomallintamisprosessien eroavaisuuksia, sekä minkälaisia erityispiirteitä korjausrakentamishankkeiden suunnittelussa ja toteutuksessa on. Tavoitteena oli selvittää minkälaisia hyötyjä ja haittoja tietomallin käyttö tuo mukanaan hankkeiden suunnitteluun ja toteutukseen. Lisäksi työn tavoitteena oli tutkia korjausrakentamisessa yleisesti käytössä olevia rakenne- ja liitostyyppejä ja luoda tutkimusten pohjalta tietomallintamista helpottavia komponentteja Tekla Structures -ohjelmistoon. Tietomallintamisprosesseja ja tietomallintamisen hyötyjä ja haittoja tutkittiin kirjallisuus- sekä internetlähteiden avulla. Rakenne- ja liitostyyppejä tutkittiin myös edellä mainittujen lähteiden avulla, mutta mallinnettavien rakenteiden valintaan vaikutti myös tilaajayrityksen ehdo-tukset mallinnettavista rakenteista. Tutkimuksissa havaittiin, että tietomallintaminen tarjoaa monia eri hyötyjä ja mahdollisuuksia, joiden avulla voidaan parantaa suunnittelun ja toteutuksen laatua, sekä vähentää näissä tulevien virheiden määrää. Kuitenkin hankkeen luonne ja sisältö määrittelevät sen, onko tietomallintamisen käyttäminen kokonaisuuden kannalta hyödyllistä. Työn tuloksena luotiin parametrisoidut komponentit pilarin teräsbetonimanttelista ja siihen tarvittavasta vaarnatappiliitoksesta sekä seinärakenteiden aukkojen vahvistuksista. Kom-ponentit luotiin näistä rakenteista, koska niistä ei ollut olemassa valmiita komponentteja Tekla Structures -ohjelmiston komponenttikirjastossa. Lisäksi kyseiset rakenteet ovat yleisiä korjausrakentamisessa ja niihin törmätään usein, kun vanhaa rakennusta ryhdytään korjaamaan.
River pollution is one of the three most problematic environmental issues in Hanoi in Vietnam. The most polluted river is called To Lich River. The pollution level of this river is so high it has been called a “dead” river. The purpose of this Bachelor’s thesis was to compile information about the river, the pollution level and the current solutions being applied by the authorities. The thesis first provides general information about To Lich River (location, characteristics), the current status of the river and what has been done or will be done to solve or prevent the problems from getting worse. Then the causes of pollution and some mentionable events that have happened regarding the river are discussed including a description of the current situation of wastewater treatment facilities in Hanoi. The thesis also discusses pollution on a general level compiling the results of some tests conducted to check the quality of the rivers. These results were then compared to the Vietnamese regulations. Since To Lich river has been heavily mixed with wastewater, it is the main component of the river. The waste water consists of domestic wastewater, industrial wastewater, hospital wastewater and solid waste. Each of these component was discussed in terms of treatment plans, methods and regulations. Finally, river embankment, Yen Xa wastewater treatment plant, renovating To Lich river project and other improvement methods were dealt with. The effects of river embankment were discussed. It is a solution that has been applied by the authorities. Yen Xa wastewater treatment plant and the renovation project are upcoming plans to solve the problem. The information regarding these projects was compiled and the solution currently being applied was discussed at the end of the thesis.
Finland has approximately 150,000 oil-heated private homes. In 2020, the Finnish government launched subsidies for private homeowner energy renovations. In this study, we examine the impact of two new energy renovation subsidies, the ELY grant and the ARA grant, from an energy efficiency point of view. Data from these subsidies reveal that a typical energy renovation case is a building from the 1970s where the oil boiler is replaced with an air-to-water heat pump. With additional data from the Finnish Energy certificate registry, a reference 1970s house is constructed and modelled in the building simulation programme, IDA ICE 4.8. Combinations of several renovation measures are simulated: air-to-water heat pump, ground-source heat pump, ventilation heat recovery and improved insulation. We found that resorting mainly to air-to-water heat pumps is not the most energy-effective solution. Ground-source heat pumps deliver a more significant reduction in delivered energy, especially with additional measures on insulation and heat recovery. Ground-source heat pumps also demand slightly less power than air-to-water heat pumps. Onsite solar PV generation helps supplement part of the power needed for heat pump solutions. Subsidy policies should emphasize deep renovation, ventilation heat recovery and onsite electricity generation.
To achieve carbon neutrality in the EU, it is important to renovate the existing EU residential buildings for a higher building energy efficiency. This study examines the impacts of several novel renovation technologies on energy consumption, CO2 emissions and indoor climates in southern European residential buildings through building-level simulations. Three typical residential buildings in South Europe were chosen as the demo buildings to implement the novel technologies. The technologies were classified into passive, ventilation and generation packages, and then simulated independently under the intermittent and continuous heating schedules. Additionally, two final combinations of renovation technologies were also simulated to demonstrate the maximum energy and CO2 emissions reduction potential of the demo buildings. All novel retrofit technologies manifested obvious effects on the energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Nevertheless, the effects were significantly affected by the heating schedule. When the intermittent heating schedule was switched to the continuous heating schedule, the relative energy conservation and CO2 emissions reduction potential of the thermal insulation improvement measures (e.g., bio-aerogel thermal insulation) increased, while those of the generation measures (e.g., solar assisted heat pump) diminished. Renovation with the final combinations reduced the primary energy consumption by up to 66%, 74% and 65% in the continuously heated Greek, Portuguese and Spanish demo buildings, the corresponding CO2 emissions reductions of which were 65%, 75% and 74%, respectively.
This project was a part of the Near Zero-Energy Building renovation project of the HAMK`s Research Unit. The topic was the template for Near Zero-Energy Building renovations. The main goal of the project was to design a project template with several steps that need to be followed when planning to renovate a building into an NZEB. The reduction of the energy demand, an upgrade of the existing systems, renewable energy sources and storage technologies, were the main steps toward a Near Zero-Energy Building renovation. Throughout the thesis report, all the potential phases toward NZEB are discussed and studied, including information on ventilation, heating, lighting systems, building health, renewable systems, and storage technologies. Information was gathered mainly from several websites, articles, and previous study-related projects. Some formulas and information were used from the “Near zero energy building” project from the Distributed Energy Production Applications module. In conclusion, a clear and useful template is proposed. It consists of five stages, including basic information on the building, upgrading existing systems, a renewable energy system for electricity, energy storage, and final calculations. Information regarding building`s health such as room temperature average, humidity levels, carbon monoxide, and dioxide limitations, etc., are provided here as well.
The aim of this work was to observe regulations connected with renovation of public buildings, understand how demands of reduced mobility persons affect to the architectural concepts. And to design a project of real reconstruction according to standards. The information was gathered from literature and the Internet. Measurements of the existing structure were executed with an electronic measurement device. For the development of drawings, AutoCAD® software was used for automated 2D. For 3D design and calculating of materials Revit, software for Building Information Modeling, was used. For budget calculations the estimation analytical complex "A0" was used. The final drawings and information about the project are represented in the appendices. As the result a construction decision was provided to the company Complex Engineering design.
Tämän opinnäytetyön tarkoitus on tutkia työympäristön vaikutusta työhyvinvointiin. Tutkittu työympäristö on nuorisotalo Helsingissä, jonne tehtiin remontti vuonna 2015. Tutkimus kohdistuu vaikutuksiin, joita työympäristön muutoksilla oli nuorisotalon työntekijöihin sekä remontin vaikutuksesta työntekijöiden hyvinvointiin ja nuorisotalon toimintaan. Tutkimusmenetelmänä on laadullinen tutkimus, joka toteutettiin kahdella kyselyllä ja yhdellä haastattelusessiolla. Nuorisotalon uusi sisustussuunnittelu perustuu Stress Free Area® -konseptiin, joka on Margit Sjöroosin kehittämä hyvinvointi-innovaatio. Opinnäytetyön teoreettinen osuus kertoo Stress Free Area® -konseptista, työhyvinvoinnista ajankohtaisena aiheena, työympäristön eri osatekijöistä sekä opinnäytetyön tutkimusmenetelmistä. Kyselyiden tavoitteena oli saada tietoa työympäristön stressitekijöistä, nuorisotalon käyttäjien käyttäytymisestä sekä siitä, mitä mieltä työntekijät ovat remontista. Ensimmäinen kysely annettiin nuorisotalon työntekijöille ennen remonttia. Toinen kysely oli tarkoitus antaa remontin jälkeen, mutta remontin viivästyksestä johtuen toiseen kyselyyn vastattiin silloin kun remontti oli vielä kesken. Lisätiedon saamiseksi pidettiin haastattelusessio remontin valmistuttua. Haastattelu oli puolistrukturoitu ja se pidettiin kasvotusten työntekijöiden kanssa nuorisotalolla. Kyselyiden ja haastattelun tuloksia verrataan ja analysoidaan selvittääkseen mitä vaikutuksia remontilla sekä työympäristön muutoksilla on ollut työntekijöiden työhyvinvointiin. Kyselyiden ja haastattelun vastausten tulokset osoittavat, että remontti oli merkittävä stressitekijä työntekijöille. Remontin viivästyksestä johtuen työntekijöille koitui ylimääräistä stressiä työpaikalla. Remontti oli joka tapauksessa tarpeellinen ja toi työpaikalle parannetut tilat ja laitteet, mikä helpottaa työntekoa ja tekee siitä mielyttävämpää. Tähän opinnäytetyöhön sisältyy myös tämän tutkimuksen tuloksiin ja suunnittelija Margit Sjöroosin haastatteluun perustuva kappale remontin toteuttamiseen liittyvistä neuvoista. Tätä tietoa voidaan käyttää hyödyksi työhyvinvoinnin kehittämiseksi vastaavanlaisissa projekteissa jatkossa.
This thesis has been made in co-operation with Lappeenranta University of Technology and Enviroc Oy. Meaning of this work has been to develop a calculation model for the carbon footprint of building demolition and renovation objects in finnish circumstances. Developed model can be used within a company to verify the following of legal demands and to compare different methods of building demolition and renovation objects. This thesis concerns issues that have an effect on the carbon footprint of demolition and renovation objects. Things that affect on carbon footprint are energy consumption of construction site and sorting, transfer, treatment and recycling or disposal of formed waste. In this thesis assessing of carbon footprint is handled by example targets. The carbon footprints of the targets are assessed with life cycle modeling. Also different scenarios for waste and reliability of developed model are considered. As a result of the thesis has been accomplished the carbon footprints of three different objects and basic schemes for calculation. Because of variation of treatment places and routing of wastes and differences of waste components in different objects it is challenging to develop one comprehensive calculation model. Also getting information from the objects and the further treatment of waste is problematic, especially getting primary activity data. The calculation model created is mostly based on secondary and estimated data, so to increase the reliability of the model the amount of primary activity data should be increased. Based on calculations the best method for minimizing carbon footprint in smaller objects is to sort all waste at the working site and take them directly to recycling or disposal places. Best method for the largest object is not to sort any waste at site but take them to waste treatment plant. Important factors for carbon footprints were handling of scrap, combustion of waste and