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The world is facing the great challenge of how to feed the increasing and wealthier population sustainably in the future, with already limited natural resources. The existing literature reveals the negative impacts of animal-based diets, and thus global diet changes are required to ensure future food availability. Nevertheless, it is important to acknowledge that food consumption is more than caloric intake—it is based on personal preferences. We assessed how sustainable food choices vary among Finnish citizens. The respondents (n = 2052) answered nine statements about their consumption behavior. We applied quantitative and qualitative methods, and our results indicate that favoring plant-based diets was the highest among people under 30 and above 60 years old. Middle-aged men with high incomes was the most reluctant group to adopt sustainable diets. Health-related issues and origin of food were the most preferred reasons for food choices, while environmental awareness was ranked lower. The key to mainstream sustainable diets lies in the co-benefits —transition towards more sustainable diets among Finns could be possible, if people felt that they can combine the selfish, hedonistic factors (e.g., health, weight loss) and altruistic factors (e.g., ecological benefits) in their everyday diets.
Global food systems face the challenge of providing healthy and adequate nutrition through sustainable means, which is exacerbated by climate change and increasing protein demand by the world's growing population. Recent advances in novel food production technologies demonstrate potential solutions for improving the sustainability of food systems. Yet, diet-level comparisons are lacking and are needed to fully understand the environmental impacts of incorporating novel foods in diets. Here we estimate the possible reductions in global warming potential, water use and land use by replacing animal-source foods with novel or plant-based foods in European diets. Using a linear programming model, we optimized omnivore, vegan and novel food diets for minimum environmental impacts with nutrition and feasible consumption constraints. Replacing animal-source foods in current diets with novel foods reduced all environmental impacts by over 80% and still met nutrition and feasible consumption constraints. The environmental impacts of more sustainable diets vary across regions. Using linear optimization, this study compares the reductions of global warming potential, water use and land use associated with the replacement of animal-sourced foods with novel or plant-based foods in European diets. Three diet types were considered to meet nutritional adequacy and consumption constraints.
On the consumption end of the food supply chain, cities have leverage to spatially facilitate sustainable food system transformations and accommodate sustainable diets. However, developing the appropriate architecture implied in such a feat, i.e., creating the adequate spatial conditions for sustainable urban food practices, is first predicated on understanding the existing spatial logics operating at the core of contemporary urban food practices and food spaces. This paper aims to contribute to this understanding, by identifying and conceptualising some of these changing spatial logics. Through a series of observations across four domains - cyberspace, retail spaces, the domestic realm and compound food spaces – the study finds that several 21st-century constructs, such as online food purchasing, the connected kitchen or the diversified supermarket, exhibit entirely novel spatial logics in organising urban food practices and the physical reality around them. As a key finding of the analyses, this paper introduces the term ‘hybridization of food spaces’, linking two overarching patterns identified: how 21st-century urban food space typologies increasingly show signs of functional diversification in their physical layouts, as well as ways of merging with virtual platforms. Finally, the paper considers the design and strategic potential that this hybridization presents. How blurring the boundaries between traditionally conceived spatial/functional domains, as well as shortening urban food supply chains may contribute to the physical facilitation of sustainable urban practices around food, and ultimately, sustainable diets.
The aim of this thesis is firstly to find out and define what it means to live healthily in terms of diet and physical activity. Secondly, it is the development of a mobile application that can motivate and encourage people to improve their health, diet, and physical activity by provid-ing challenges. The first chapter introduces the thesis and the topic to the reader. The second chapter is a literature review, where research on the meaning of a healthy life-style is done. It is described what constitutes a healthy diet, which foods are beneficial and which are not, what is physical activity, and how much is recommended for different age groups. Additionally, proper hydration is discussed as well as the implications of smoking and alcohol intake. Lastly, the weight management is covered, how can one find out if their weight is healthy as well as how to calculate proper calorie intake per day. The third chapter analyses existing fitness and health mobile applications that are available for free in Google Play Store. These apps are reviewed in terms of the features, as well as their UI and UX. The fourth chapter is summarizing the requirements for the application which are derived from the previous sections. The fifth and sixth chapters focus on prototyping and user testing respectively. The theory of both topics is presented, which is then utilized for creating own prototyping and holding user testing sessions. The seventh chapter presents the implementation of the mobile application. Every main fea-ture is presented with screenshots from the app and explanations on how the app works. The eighth chapter is focused on the final testing, which is when users were using the app for more than a week, after which the users have completed a survey that gathered the re-sults. The theory of survey is also presented. The last chapter presents the results of the thesis and the connected discussion, where the next steps are also reviewed.
The study aimed to assess whether aerobic exercise (AEx) training and a fbre-enriched diet can reduce hepatic fat content (HFC) and increase glycaemic control in pre-diabetic patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Six-hundred-and-three patients from seven clinics in Yangpu district, Shanghai, China were recruited. Of them 115 individuals aged 50–65-year fulflled the inclusion criteria (NAFLD with impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance) and were randomly assigned into exercise (AEx n=29), diet (Diet n=28), exercise plus diet (AED n=29), or no-intervention (NI n=29) groups. Progressive supervised AEx training (60–75% VO2max intensity) was given 2-3 times/week in 30–60min/sessions, and the diet intervention was provided as lunch with 38% carbohydrate and diet fbre of 12g/day for 8.6-month. HFC was assessed by 1H MRS. We found that HFC was signifcantly reduced in the AEx (−24.4%), diet (−23.2%), and AED (−47.9%) groups by contrast to the 20.9% increase in the NI group (p=0.001 for all) after intervention. However, only AED group signifcantly decreased HbA1c (−4.4%, p=0.01) compared with the NI group (−0.6%). Aerobic exercise training combined with fbre-enriched diet can reduce HFC more efectively than either exercise or increased fbre-intake alone in pre-diabetic patients with NAFLD.
Opinnäytetyön aiheena on Lappeenrannan seudun yksityisten perhepäivähoitajien koulutustarpeen selvittäminen ja olemassa olevan koulutussuunnitelman parantaminen. Opinnäytetyö tehdään yhteistyössä Etelä-Karjalan maa- ja kotitalousnaisten piirikeskuksen kanssa. Heidän tarkoituksenaan on tarjota ja toteuttaa koulutuksia yksityisille perhepäivähoitajille. Lappeenrannan kaupungin alueella ja eräissä Etelä-Karjalan maakunnan alueella sijaitsevissa kunnissa toimii noin 60 yksityistä perhepäivähoitajaa, ja toiminta vaikuttaa noin 181 lapsen arkeen mm. ravitsemukseen ja ruokailutottumuksiin. Koulutukset nostavat ammattitaidon laatua. Lisäksi monilla perhepäivähoitajilla ei ole ammattiin nykyisin vaadittavaa pätevyyttä ja mm. siksi ammattitaitoista osaamista täytyy kehittää. Tutkimukseen hankittava aineisto saatiin kyselylomakkeella avulla, joita jaettiin (60 kpl). Perustietoja haluttiin tietää perhepäivähoitajien koulutuksesta, alallaolovuosista, hoitolasten ja erityisruokavalioita tarvitsevien lasten määrää, kuinka tuttuja heille ovat ravitsemussuositukset, erityisruokavaliot ja hygieniaosaaminen sekä heidän kiinnostuneisuutensa koulutuksiin. Kyselylomakkeen avulla oli tarpeen tiedustella mielipidettä aiemmin järjestetyistä koulutuksista sekä millaisia koulutuksia tulevaisuudessa yksityisillä perhepäivähoitajilla voisi olla. Kyselylomakkeita analysoitiin yhteensä 29. Kaikkien vastanneiden vastausprosentti oli 48. Alallaolovuosia oli keskimäärin koulutuksen saaneilla 11 vuotta ja niillä, joilla perhepäivähoitajan työhön tarvittavaa koulutusta ei ollut, oli 25 vuotta. Koulutuksen saaneet yksityiset perhepäivähoitajat olivat innokkaampia koulutusten järjestämiseen sekä mielestään tarvitsivat lisäkoulutusta ja lisätietoa kysytyistä asioista enemmän kuin ne vastaajat, jotka eivät olleet saaneet vaadittavaa koulutusta. Koulutuksia voitaisiin tarjota uusista ravitsemussuosituksista ja niiden käytöstä. Hygieniaosaamisasiat olivat yleisesti tuttuja suurimmalle osalle perhepäivähoitajista ja vastausprosenttien perusteella enemmistö yksityisistä perhepäivähoitajista haluaisi siihen liittyvän koulutuksen järjestämistä. Hygieniapassin suorittamista voitaisiin tarjota, koska se kiinnosti vastaajia. Yli puolet vastaajista vastasi tuntevansa erityisruokavaliot, mutta koulutusta voitaisiin suunnitella kysynnän ja toiveiden mukaan.
Diabetes is one of the most serious chronic diseases in the world today, with 400 million people living with the disease worldwide as of 2014. Type 2 diabetes has a strong life style trigger of disease and among others, diet plays and important role in hypoglycemic balance. However, not everyone with type 2 diabetes has the knowledge to rationalize their diet, and this is where the role of the nurse becomes extremely important. The aim of this study was to understand how nurses conduct health education on healthy eating for patients with type 2 diabetes and how the nurse can educate type 2 diabetes patients to achieve a healthy nutrition. This study was implemented as a literature review and the data for the literature review was collected using two databases. Medline and Cinahl. A total of 21 articles were collected. In total, 6 articles were selected for the review. Content analysis was used in the analysis of the data. There were three main parts. Health education by nurses, patients' own conditions and healthy eating. In the current situation in China, diabetic diet-related health education is not yet wide spread. Research into this avenue of health education on the dietary habits of type 2 diabetic patients, with the aim of patients becoming self-aware of their dietary control and ultimately reducing their dependence on insulin or medication, is not yet well established in the world of nursing. However, the prospects for related areas are positive.
The aim of this study is to determine the symptoms that a patient with hypothyroidism experiences, and to find ways to alleviate the symptoms of hypothyroidism through changes in diet and lifestyle. The study also considers how the nurse can guide the patient in these lifestyle changes. In my thesis, I conduct research using literature resources to find information on the symptoms and comorbidities of patients with hypothyroidism, as well as information on dietary supplements, lifestyle changes, and diets recommended for patients with hypothyroidism. In patients with hypothyroidism, the primary treatment is thyroxine medication. However, thyroxine medication does not always eliminate all symptoms, so patients should be guided in their lifestyle to alleviate the symptoms. Various studies have been found on diet, and especially on the importance of exercise for people with hypothyroidism, and it can be concluded that these would be effective ways to manage many of the symptoms caused by the disease. The work is a literature review using both English and Finnish sources. Data used in this work has been collected by using electronic databases such as Käypähoito, Terveysportti and CINAHL complete. Also literature from the library has been used. By using many different sources, the research gets broader and more relevant view. The keywords used in the study included: hypothyroidism, hypothyroidism diet, nutritional evaluation, nursing The questions to be studied in the thesis are the impact of hypothyroidism on people in everyday life, what kind of medication, nutrition and support benefit those suffering from hypothyroidism, and what is the role of nurses in guiding the application of the guidelines.
Monet vanhemmat ja hoitajat ovat mietteliäitä lapsen terveellisestä ravinnon saannista. Monet lapset syövät enemmän kuin mitä tarvitsevat ja toiset syövät vähemmän. Molemmat johtavat terveysongelmiin, joten on tärkeää kouluttaa vanhempia lapsen hyvästä ravinnosta. Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena on selvittää pienten lasten ravitsemuksen rooli ja tunnistaa sairaanhoitajien rooli hoitotyön näkökulmasta. Tarkoituksena on lisätä tietoa lasten ravitsemuksen roolista perheille ja lasten sairaanhoitajille, estää aliravitsemusta ja tukea omaishoitajia lasten kehityksessä. Opinnäytetyössä on kaksi tutkimuskysymystä: Mikä on ravitsemuksen rooli kuuden vuoden ikäisten ja sitä nuorempien lasten keskuudessa? Entä mikä on sairaanhoitajien rooli heidän ravitsemuksessansa? Menetelmäksi on valittu kuvaavan kirjallisuuskatsauksen ja kahdeksan artikkelia on valittu, jotka analysoitiin temaattisen analyysin avulla. Imetys on tehokkain ravinto lapsen kasvulle ja kehitykselle. Terveellinen ruokavalio vaikuttaa lasten toiminnan yleiseen suorituskykyyn. Lisäksi erilaiset vitamiinit auttavat aivojen kehityksessä, ylläpitävät luun terveyttä ja estävät lasten kuolleisuuden. Hyvä ravinto välttää monia fyysisiä ja mielenterveydellisiä ongelmia, auttaa hallitsemaan kroonista sairautta sekä edesauttaa selviytymään stressistä ja taistelemaan sairauksia vastaan. Sairaanhoitajilla on tärkeä rooli lapsen tasapainoisen ruokavalion tukemisessa. Lopuksi todettiin, että lapsen puutteettomalla ravinnolla on merkittäviä rooleja, kuten riittäväkasvu ja kehitys, sairauksien ehkäisy ja varhainen tietoisuus aliravitsemuksesta ja ylipainosta. Ensisijaisiin sairaanhoitajien tehtäviin lasten ravitsemuksellisessa hyvinvoinnissa kuuluvat terveellisen ruokavalion edistäminen, ruokavalion neuvonta ja ravintoterapia kouluttamalla vanhempia ja perheitä. Lasten ravitsemuksen parantamiseksi tarvitaan enemmän näyttöön perustuvaa tutkimusta, lisäksi lasten ravinnosta tulisi antaa tietoa heidän perheilleen esimerkiksi sairaanhoitajien kautta.
According to the IDF Atlas, Malta has a 13.2% prevalence of persons suffering from diabetes amounting to 42,300 persons (2017) aged between 20 to 79 years old. This is quiet alarming since the global prevalence is 8.8%, putting Malta with a 4.4% higher than average percentage globally. This together with the lack of knowledge amongst chefs working in the industry triggered the author to do this research and create this module for chefs. The main aim of this thesis is to improve the level of knowledge and skills amongst people working in the industry to cater for diabetics in the right way. This will be done by creating a short practical course to cook and serve suitable dishes for diabetics. The Below three sub objectives where developed to support this study, these will help by giving a more in depth study of the Maltese Market and help in coming up with a more customized approach. • Determine whether there is enough knowledge amongst chefs working in the local industry of how to cater for diabetics. • What are the requirements needed to create a practical short pastry course for chefs working in the industry and diabetes patients in Malta? • Creating a scheme of work of all the practical lessons together with recipes to be used for the course. Analyzing the recipes making sure they are suitable and healthy for diabetics. The author did research about the condition itself focusing on how the diet effects the condition and how it can be controlled with the food consumed. Recipe modification is also a very important part using different forms of sugars, fats and starch. Feedback, A quantitative research amongst seventy chefs was done, with most of them saying that this course will be highly beneficial for the industry as there is lack of knowledge amongst all chefs. Following the findings in the questionnaire, the author did a scheme of work with recipes suitable for diabetics. Recipes where analyzed and nutritional content tables where created and put on the same standard recipe sheet Through this thesis one will be able to follow step-by-step instructions on what should be done when creating any vocational course, All one needs to do is change the context however the same principles apply.
Fish and feed waste provide most of the nutrients required by the plants in aquaponics if the optimum ratio between daily fish feed inputs and the plant growing area is sustained. Thus, the fish feed needs to fulfil both the fish’s and plant’s nutritional requirements in an aquaponic system. A controlled fish waste production strategy where the nitrogen, phosphorus and mineral contents of fish diets are manipulated and used provides a way of influencing the rates of accumulation of nutrients, thereby reducing the need for the additional supplementation of nutrients. To optimize the performance and cost-effectiveness of aquaponic production, fish diets and feeding schedules should be designed carefully to provide nutrients at the right level and time to complement fish, bacteria and plants. To achieve this, a species-specific tailor-made aquaponic feed may be optimized to suit the aquaponic system as a whole. The optimal point would be determined based on overall system performance parameters, including economic and environmental sustainability measures. This chapter thus focuses on fish diets and feed and reviews the state of the art in fish diets, ingredients and additives, as well as the nutritional/sustainable challenges that need to be considered when producing specific aquaponic feeds.
Malnutrition is one the growing global health issues among elderly and it is often unnoticed. Hence, the aim of our research is to recognize what are the nurse’s role in the prevention of malnutrition in elderly care settings. The purpose of this thesis mainly focuses to contribute accurate and adequate knowledge among nurses about the significance of implementing of proper nutritional care in the prevention of malnutrition. Likewise, how nurses can enhance welfare among elderly through effective nutritional care. The method of study applied in this thesis was descriptive literature review which inductive content analysis selected to analyze our articles. The materials for the review brought together by using various electronic databank like CINAHL, EBSCO, Google Scholar and PubMed to find peer reviewed articles. After articles analyzation, it was found that nurses can play an important role in the prevention of malnutrition with proper nutritional assessment and implementing nutritional care based on nutritional score in elderly care. Nurse can recognize nutritional status or malnutritional problems of elderly by using different assessment measures like nutritional screening, anthropometric measures, physical examination, and history and diet assessments. Likewise, nurses can create individualized nutritional care plan based on nutritional need of elderly in the prevention of malnutrition which includes High energy and high protein food, oral nutritional supplements, enteral and parental nutrition. Even though nurses can play many roles in the prevention of malnutrition, the reviewed articles say nurses still need more competency to effectively recognize nutritional problems among elderly. Also, Considering and teaching the elderly on their various dietary needs is also significant in the prevention of malnutrition. So, it is significant to get more nutritional education and training for nurses to strengthen their nutritional knowledge and competency to effectively assess nutritional problems and to prevent malnutrition in elderly care settings.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major public health problem worldwide. Current global estimates indicate that this condition affects 415 million people and is set to increase to 642 million by the year 2040. In addition, 193 million people with diabetes remain undiagnosed since most often have mild or asymptomatic nature of this condition especially in type II DM (TIIDM). The reduction of exercise, and changes in diet have all contributed to weight gain and thus the increase of Type II diabetes. Being overweight, especially carrying extra pounds around the waistline, adds to Type II diabetes risk. The aim of this literature review was to describe how non- pharmacological approach affect the treatment and management of diabetes type II patients. The goal of this literature review was to bring more insights into the importance of non-pharmacological treatment and management of diabetes. The research question is to evaluate how lifestyle changes (diet, exercise, and non-smoking) affect the treatment and prevention of diabetes type II. The research study was based on a literature review. The research was done by collecting evidence-based material from previous literature publications. It was carried out using the following database such as Cinahl with full text, Ebooks, SeAmk Finna, and Google books. In other to prevent TIIDM, little changes in one’s lifestyle can have a huge impact and influ-ence the chances of getting the disease. Diabetes mellitus can be prevented by diet and exercise before the early stages of diabetes or metabolic disorders.
Currently, healthy lifestyle and well-being are increasingly concerned in the youth nowadays, partly due to the frequent occurrence of noncommunicable diseases with the help of media. Along with consumers’ concerns, many researchers, doctors, and professors around the world have been studying health-related issues and determinants. As the result, until now, medication and nutrition are the most effective methods to approach the matter of health. The goal of the thesis is to provide fundamental knowledge about the healthy eating lifestyle based on nutrition and food science, and a pathway for self-designed diets that suit users’ purposes best. On a larger scale, professional chefs and event caterers can utilize the mate-rials as a guideline to enrich their knowledge in planning a suitable menu for those under normal and abnormal circumstances. On a personal scale, individuals can lean on the guide-line to understand more about the healthy eating lifestyle. In the theoretical segment, at the beginning of the thesis, the content refers to nutrition and food science in the complex and multilayered relationships with consumer perceptions and behaviors. This becomes the baseline for the application of the practical use which is de-scribed in the second part of the thesis. There are two scenarios that can exemplify the prac-tical use of the thesis. The last chapter of the thesis presents the challenges of the thesis conduct, some discus-sions, and the potential of the introduced method.
Gestational diabetes is a specific type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy in women who previously did not have diabetes, affecting more than 200,000 women every year. It is characterized by high blood sugar levels resulting from insulin resistance, where the body's cells do not respond effectively to insulin. According to 2019 International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Diabetes Atlas estimates, gestational diabetes mellitus affects 13.2% of pregnancies worldwide, representing about 17.1 million births each year causing several severe complications to mother and unborn baby. Therefore, the requirement for more research and investigation has increased to find and understand about nursing interventions on nutrition and exercise during prevention and management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. The aim of this thesis is to study, analyse and provide understanding about nursing intervention on nutrition and exercise while managing gestational diabetes mellitus. This thesis will be useful for nursing students, nurses, and patients as well. Literature review was used as research method to get essential information for the gestational diabetes. The articles were derived from trustful sources like, EBSCOhost, ScienceDirect, ProQuest Central, SAGE Premier and Laurea Finna. The search term used while searching data was “Nursing Interventions” and “Nutrition and Exercise” and “Gestational diabetes mellitus”. Twelve most relevant research were selected for analysis where full-text English articles less than 10 years old with peer reviewed were criteria of selection. After analysing the collected studies through inductive thematic approach, the authors have concluded that, nursing interventions on nutrition and exercise are vital while managing pregnancy related diabetes to minimize the catastrophic outcomes for both the mother and foetus. However, Further study is recommended due to lack of specific guidelines about nutrition and exercise for patients with gestational diabetes mellitus based on their individual needs.
The adoption of carbohydrate-restrictive diets to improve health is increasing in popularity, but there is a dearth of research on individuals who choose to severely restrict or entirely exclude carbohydrates. The present study investigated the beliefs and experiences of individuals following a diet that severely limits, or entirely excludes, dietary carbohydrates, colloquially known as a ‘zero-carb’ diet, for at least 6 months. Zero-carb dieters (n = 170) recruited via a social networking site completed an online qualitative survey prompting them to discuss their motives, rationale, and experiences of following a low-carb diet. Transcripts of participants’ responses were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Results revealed that participants’ decision to follow a zero-carb diet was driven by health concerns and benefits. Participants expressed a strong social identity and belongingness to online zero-carb communities. Participants reported strong intentions to follow the diet indefinitely. Shortcomings of the diet centered on experienced stigma; lack of support from healthcare providers and significant others; limited access to, and high cost of, foods; and limited scientific data on the diet. Further research into the benefits and shortcomings of zero-carb diets across settings and populations is warranted, and guidelines for healthcare professionals on how to support individuals following a zero-carb diet are needed.
The aim of this thesis was to understand the role of dietary counselling in reducing the double burden of malnutrition in women of reproductive age and young children aged 6-23 months in Kenya. The main objective was to explore dietary counselling and its provision to both women and young children. The second objective was to explore how a photographic food atlas may be included in dietary counselling. Recommendations on how these objectives may be achieved were presented. The thesis was completed in collaboration with the InnoFood Africa project in Kenya. A qualitative approach was applied in this study. Thematic interviews with open ended questions were used to collect data from healthcare workers working in Kahawa West public health center in Nairobi, Kenya. Healthcare workers’ perceptions on dietary counselling and the inclusion of a photographic food atlas in dietary counselling were explored. Six healthcare workers participated in the study. Thematic analysis was applied and an inductive approach used to develop themes. The results were organized into four themes including nutritional knowledge and support, inclusion of a photographic food atlas in dietary counselling, challenges to provision and uptake of dietary counselling and driving factors to provision and uptake of dietary counselling. The study findings indicated the importance of dietary counselling in creating awareness on nutrition, offering guidance on proper dietary habits and minimizing disease risks. The photographic food atlas may be used as a reference aid and a guide to food portion sizing during dietary counselling. Perceived challenges in the provision and uptake of dietary counselling included shortages in resources, cultural and external factors. Training of all cadres, income generating activities, delivery methods and provision of incentives were perceived as the driving factors to the provision and uptake of dietary counselling. In conclusion, dietary counselling was perceived as vital in improving the nutritional status of women of reproductive age and young children in the Kahawa West region. There was a general perception among all informants that the photographic food atlas would be a beneficial additional tool during provision of dietary counselling. Further research on the extent to which a photographic food atlas may motivate women and young children to modify their dietary habits in the management of nutrition-related diseases including diabetes, stroke, specific cancers and heart diseases may be important. Additionally, research evaluating the benefits of providing dietary counselling using a photographic food atlas may be beneficial in improving nutrition counselling services in the region.
Leukemia on yleisin lapsuusiän syöpä, jonka viiden vuoden eloonjäämisaste on 90 prosenttia alle 14-vuotiailla lapsilla. Leukemiaa sairastavilla lapsilla on haasteita ruokavalion hallinnassa johtuen muun muassa riittämättömistä tiedoista sekä puutteellisesta ruokavaliohoitoon sitoutumisesta ja ruokavaliohoitoon osallistumisesta. Tässä tutkimuksessa pyrittiin tunnistamaan ruokavalionhallintamoduulin sisältö ja toiminnalliset vaatimukset leukemiaa sairastavien lasten vanhempien näkemyksen mukaan, kehittämään käyttäjäkeskeinen ruokavalionhallintamoduuli ja arvioimaan sen käytettävyyttä. Tässä tutkimuksessa noudatettiin "käyttäjäkeskeistä" suunnittelutapaa, jossa käytettiin sisällönanalyysimenetelmää ja ruokavalion hallintaan osallistuvien vanhempien henkilökohtaisia haastatteluja vanhempien tarpeiden tunnistamiseksi. Tarpeiden perusteella laadittiin luonnos ravitsemustietokannasta, jota jalostettiin edelleen asiantuntijakatsauksen avulla kuva-tekstitietopohjan rakentamiseksi. Moduulin käyttöliittymän (UI) käsitteellistä suunnittelua varten muodostettiin monialainen tiimi (n=9), jonka tehtävänä oli määrittää yksityiskohtainen toiminnallinen malli, jota seurasi moduulin rakentaminen. Kehitysvaiheessa tehtiin käytettävyysarviointeja käyttöliittymän ja toimivuuden arvioimiseksi ja optimointitoimenpiteitä toteutettiin niiden mukaisesti. Lopuksi suoritettiin käytettävyysarviointi, johon osallistui 20 leukemiaa sairastavan lapsen vanhempaa ja kuusi terveydenhuollon ammattilaista Shanghain lastentautien sairaalan hematologis-onkologiselta osastolta. Aineisto kerättiin moduulin testaamisen jälkeen kyselylomakkeella (mHealth APP Usability Questionnaire (MAUQ)) ja laadullisin haastatteluin. Vastatakseen vanhempien tuen tarpeeseen leukemiaa sairastavien lasten ruokavalion hallinnassa luotiin 105 artikkelista koostuva kuvatekstitietokanta, joka koostuu seuraavista luokista: Reseptit alle 1-vuotiaille, 2-3-vuotiaille, yli 4-vuotiaille lapsille ja syömisohjeet. Moduuli sisälsi useita toimintoja, kuten tiedon aktiivisen selaus- ja hakutoiminnon, eri hoitovaiheisiin perustuvat ruokavaliosuositukset, potilaan ikäryhmään perustuvat ruokavaliosuositukset, sisältöön perustuvat ruokavaliosuositukset ja ruokalistasuositukset. MAUQ:n yleisin pistemäärä oli 2,15 (pisteet vaihtelevat 1–7 välillä, ja tulokset lähempänä yhtä osoittavat parempaa käytettävyyttä). Kolmen ulottuvuuden pisteet olivat seuraavat: käytettävyys ja tyytyväisyys (1,92), järjestelmätietojen sommittelu (2,13) ja tehokkuus (2,44). Käytettävyystestauksen tulokset osoittivat, että moduulin kokonaiskäytettävyys oli hyvä. Yhteenvetona voidaan todeta, että tutkimustulokset osoittivat, että moduulin käytettävyys oli hyvä. Se vastaa potentiaalisesti vanhempien ruokavalionhallinnan tukitarpeita tulevissa tehokkuusarvioinneissa, keventää vanhempien ruokavalion hallinnan taakkaa ja kasvattaa tehokkuutta leukaemiaa sairastavien lasten ruokavalion hallinnassa.
Paljon energiaa sisältävän ravinnon lisääntyminen osana tavallista ruokavaliota on viimeisten vuosikymmenien aikana todettu johtavan ylipainosta aiheutuviin terveyshaittoihin ja muuttavan suolistomikrobiston rakennetta. Viime vuosien aikana on tullut lisää näyttöä, joka viittaa suoliston ja aivojen väliseen yhteyteen, jota kutsutaan suoli-aivo-akseliksi. Suolistobakteeri Faecalibacterium prausnitziin määrän on todettu olevan yhteydessä niin suoliston häiriöiden, kuin masennuksen ja ahdistuksen kaltaisten häiriöiden lieventymiseen, mikä viittaa sen vaikuttavan sekä suoliston että aivojen terveyteen. F. prausnitzii on erittäin anaerobinen, mikä tekee sen käytöstä probioottina vaikeaa. Tässä tutkimuksessa sen määrään pyrittiin vaikuttamaan prebioottisen xylo-oligosakkaridin (XOS) avulla sellaisten rottien suolistossa, joille syötettiin vähä- tai korkearasvaista ruokaa, joko XOS:n kanssa tai ilman. Pyrin selvittämään korkearasvaisen ruokavalion ja XOS:n vaikutusta F. prausnitziin määrään sekä aikuisiän neurogeneesiin ja inflammaatioon aivotursossa. Kahdentoista viikon ravitsemusintervetion jälkeen rotat lopetettiin, niiden aivot viipaloitiin leikkeiksi ja värjättiin immunohistologisin menetelmin. Korkearasvaisen ruokavalion todettiin johtavan suurempaan painonnousuun ja vähärasvaisen ruokavalion havaittiin XOS:n kanssa johtavan korkeampaan F. prausnitziin määrään. Ryhmien väliset erot mikrogliojen aktiivisuuden merkkiaineissa olivat yllättäviä: vähärasvainen ruoka vaikutti olevan yhteydessä korkeampaan aktiivisuustasoon. Uusien hermosolujen määrät olivat ryhmissä samalla tasolla, viitaten siihen, ettei ruokavalio vaikuttanut neurogeneesiin.
Climate change compels us to rethink the ethics of our dietary choices and has become an interesting issue for ethicists concerned about diets, including animal ethicists. The defenders of veganism have found that climate change provides a new reason to support their cause because many animal-based foods have high greenhouse gas emissions. The new style of argumentation, the ‘climatic argument(s) for veganism’, may benefit animals by persuading even those who are not concerned about animals themselves but worry about climate change. The arguments about the high emissions of animal-based food, and a resulting moral obligation to abstain from eating such products, are an addition to the prior forms of argument for principled veganism grounded on the moral standing of, and concern for, nonhuman animals. In this paper, we examine whether the climatic argument for veganism is convincing. We propose a formulation for the amended version of the argument and discuss its implications and differences compared to the moral obligations of principled veganism. We also reflect upon the implications of our findings on agricultural and food ethics more generally.
Purpose Poor diet quality may impair academic achievement in children, but such evidence is limited. Therefore, we investigated the associations of healthy diet in Grade 1 assessed by Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS), Baltic Sea Diet Score (BSDS), and Finnish Children Healthy Eating Index (FCHEI) with academic achievement in Grades 1–3 in children. Methods The participants were 161 Finnish children who were 6–8 years old in Grade 1 and attended in a large ongoing physical activity and dietary intervention study. Dietary factors were assessed using 4-day food records, and MDS, BSDS, and FCHEI were calculated. Academic achievement was assessed by reading fluency, reading comprehension, and arithmetic skill tests. The data were analyzed using linear regression analysis and analysis of covariance adjusted for age, sex, parental education, household income, body fat percentage, physical activity, the PANIC Study group, and total energy intake. Results MDS was positively associated with reading comprehension in Grade 3 (standardized regression coefficient β = 0.167, P = 0.032). BSDS was positively associated with reading fluency in Grades 2–3 and reading comprehension in Grades 1–3 (β = 0.161–0.274, P < 0.05). FCHEI was positively related to reading fluency in Grades 1–2 and reading comprehension in Grades 1–3 (β = 0.190–0.344, P < 0.05). Children in the highest third of BSDS and FCHEI had better reading fluency and reading comprehension in Grades 1–3 than children in the lowest third (P < 0.05). None of the diet scores was associated with arithmetic skills. Conclusions Healthier diet assessed by BSDS or FCHEI in Grade 1 was associated with better reading skills, but not with arithmetic skills, among children in Grades 1–3. Long-term intervention studies are needed to investigate the effects of improvements in diet quality on academic achievement among children.
Over the last hundred years, many large carnivore species have suffered range contractions, population losses, and habitat alterations that may be influencing their dietary preferences. To identify shifting isotopic niches and reconstruct past and present diets from species of high conservation concern, stable isotope analysis (SIA) of δ13C and δ15N values of tissue from museum collections and ongoing non-invasive monitoring programs offers an effective approach. Here, we assessed the long-term alterations in the trophic structure of a generalist large carnivore over a time of population loss and recovery. Wolverine stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopes were measured in hair samples collected from 44 individuals in Finland for the period 1905–2020, and potential dietary were quantified using isotopic niche metrics shifts in two study areas. We provide evidence of a long-term diet shift in Finnish wolverines, with a temporal depletion of hair’s δ13C (β = −0.016‰, R² = 0.46, p < 0.001). Correspondingly, there was a shift in the isotopic niches of the Historical population (before the year 2000) and Recent population (after 2000), with the niche overlap between the Historical and Recent periods being only 33% throughout Finland, and even lower in the two study areas (22% to 24%). The breadth of the isotopic niche, however, did not significantly differ between the two periods, suggesting that despite a change in diet composition, wolverines did not specialize more. The trophic level of wolverines in Finland was stable throughout the study period, with no significant change in δ15N with time (β = 0.0055‰, R² = 0.043, p = 0.17). In summary: A) the strong trophic resilience of this top predator was shown by the stability of its niche breadth and trophic level feeding regime during periods of population decline and recovery as well as during a period of major anthropogenic alterations in their environment; B) the use of SIA methods on historical and recent hairs provided a unique tool to unravel long-term changes in wolverine feeding strategies.
The study's purpose was to find out how nutritional interventions would contribute to management of patients living with type two diabetes in nursing homes. The data was collected by descriptive literature review, gathered from PUB-MED and CINAHL. The literature was narrowed to ten relevant articles. The articles were combined, grouped into distinct categories making the themes and subtitles of the findings. Articles contain research conducted in Australia, Japan, Czech Republic, America, Saudi Arabia, India, Spain, United Kingdom & Ireland. The chosen articles were written in English and the timeline of the publications between 2014 and 2021. The finding of the study indicates that modification of diet, healthy food choices, food portion control and meal timing significantly impacted control of blood sugar levels. Further findings showed that metabolic control and weight management were influenced by correct diet. Thus, reducing complications related to type II diabetes. Multi-professional collaboration between family members and patients showed a positive outcome in the management of type II diabetes. Further studies are recommended to find solutions regarding collaborations between nutritionists, food suppliers, caregivers' families of patients with type II diabetes to promote tailored diet for type II diabetic patients.
Abstract High-sucrose diet and metabolic acidosis have some similar effects on bone and they both reduce the formation of dentine. This series of experiments was conducted in order to get information about the effects of acidosis and alkalosis on dentine during primary dentinogenesis and also to ascertain if high-sucrose diet affects dentine formation via acidosis. Chronic metabolic acidosis (0.25 mol/L of NH4Cl in drinking water), chronic metabolic alkalosis (0.25 mol/L of NaHCO3 in drinking water) and chronic respiratory alkalosis (atmospheric pressure equivalent to an altitude of 3000 m) were induced in the rats immediately after weaning for 6 and 7 weeks. One subgroup from each of the main groups was fed a high-sucrose (43%) diet and one a standard maintenance diet, each ad libitum. The control groups had the same diets, but normal drinking water and atmospheric pressure. All the rats were injected with tetracycline (to mark the onset of the experiment in dentine) and inoculated orally with Streptococcus sobrinus. The acid-base status was verified by blood gas analysis at the end of the experiments. After sacrifice, fissure caries was scored with Schiff reagent and the areas of dentinal lesions and tetracycline-marked new dentine were measured from sagittally sectioned mandibular molars. The mineral elements (Ca, Mg, F, Na, P and total mineral contents) of the dentine formed before and during the experiment were measured with an electron probe microanalyzer. With the high-sucrose diet, respiratory alkalosis and metabolic acidosis promoted the initiation and progression of caries while metabolic alkalosis slightly retarded it. With the standard diet, all the experimental conditions slowed the rate of dentine formation and metabolic acidosis had the most pronounced effect. The mineral analysis revealed a totally different pattern of mineralization when the rats with metabolic acidosis (increased calcium and total mineral content) were compared to the previously reported rats with a high-sucrose diet (decreased calcium and total mineral content). Besides this, metabolic alkalosis did not correct the effects of the dietary sucrose on dentine formation and blood gas analysis showed no acid-base disturbances in the sucrose diet group. Therefore, a high amount of sucrose in the diet slows the rate of dentine formation and reduces the ability of teeth to resist caries attack by mechanisms different from those of metabolic acidosis. Nevertheless, metabolic acidosis was found to be the most harmful state of disturbance in acid-base balance for the teeth of young rats, especially with a diet containing a high amount of sucrose.