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Kieli: | jpn |
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Julkaisija: | Tokyo, Japan Japan marketing society 1996- |
ISSN: |
2188-1669 |
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Vaikka englantia puhutaankin nykyään enimmäkseen vieraana kielenä, on äidinkielenä puhuttu englanti yhä standardi kielen opetuksessa. Monelle englannin oppijalle se on myös ainoa oikea tapa puhua englantia. Tämä on havaittavissa myös Japanissa, jossa englannin kielen äidinkielenkaltainen osaaminen on vaikeata saavuttaa, ja japanilaisten asenteet omaa englannin ääntämystään kohtaan ovat hyvin negatiivisia. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli jatkaa aiempien tutkimusten työtä uudenlaisella otannalla, ja mitata japanilaisten asenteita omaa englannin kielen ääntämistään kohtaan sekä tarkastella näihin asenteisiin vaikuttavia muuttujia. Tutkimus suoritettiin kyselyllä, jossa mitattiin vastaajien asenteita omaa ääntämistään kohtaan ja selvitettiin erilaisia tilanteita ja konteksteja joissa vastaajat ovat tekemisissä englannin kielen kanssa sekä sitä äidinkielenään että vieraana kielenä puhuvien kanssa. Tutkimuksen tuloksia verrattiin myös edellisen tutkimusten tuloksien kanssa. Tutkimuksessa selvisi, että edellisiin tutkimuksiin verrattuna vastaajien asenteet olivat hieman positiivisempia, mutta muuten hyvin samankaltaisia. Yksikään muuttuja ei selkeästi vaikuttanut asenteisiin kokonaisvaltaisesti, mutta muuttujilla oli vaikutusta yksittäisten tai muutamien kysymysten vastauksiin. Positiivisimmin asenteisiin vaikuttivat vastaajan korkea ikä ja englannin kielen käyttö työn yhteydessä. Tulokset ilmentävät äidinkielenkaltaisen englannin yhä vallitsevaa asemaa kielen standardina.
The existing literature emphasizes the importance of negotiation skills in the field of IT. However, negotiation and negotiation styles in the IT industry have received limited attention. This original empirical research compares the negotiation schemata of Finnish and Japanese IT business people. The study identifies negotiation schemata used in one or both culture groups. Negotiators with greater experience and power in the negotiation process command more schemata. However, neither population enjoys the full range of negotiation schemata. Business negotiators in or out of IT and these cultures may benefit from knowing the schemata and the results of matching and mismatching.
This paper investigates small and medium-sized software firms’ success factors in the Japanese market. Findings of this study suggest that, due to the immaterial nature of software products, distribution and packaging has a less important role, while understanding Japanese business practices is ranked high along with customer satisfaction, honesty, and characteristics of a product. The findings also highlight the importance of distinguishing different kinds of software businesses based on their product strategies when analyzing success factors in a target country. For instance, the Japanese language assumed an important role in enterprise solution firms and in mass market software business, while its role in tailor-made software solution firms was less visible.
Henkilöstöjohtaminen on yhtiöiden keskeinen funktio, joka on altis huomattavalle vaihtelevuudelle riippuen toimintamaasta. Sukupuolitasa-arvo myös vaihtelee maittain ja kehittyneiden maiden kesken Japani on osoittautunut olevan heikoimmalla tasolla. Suomi on toisaalta muiden pohjoismaiden kanssa sukupuolitasa-arvoltaan edistyneimpiä maita. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on ymmärtää miten monikansalliset yhtiöt johtavat sukupuolitasa-arvoa tytäryhtiöissään, kun tasa-arvon tasot eroavat koti- ja kohdemaaympäristöissä. Tutkimuksessa käsitellään eri sukupuolitasa-arvon lähestymistapoja, lukuisia sukupuolitasa-arvoon liittyviä henkilöstöfunktioita sekä funktioiden siirtotapoja ja institutionaalisten ympäristöjen vaikutus siirtojen lopputulokseen. Tutkimus on toteutettu laadullisena tutkimuksena. Aineisto on kerätty toteuttamalla neljän tytäryhtiön henkilöstöjohtajan puolistrukturoitua haastattelua paikan päällä Japanissa. Lisäksi haastateltiin asiantuntijaa, jolla on kokemusta työstä ja elämästä molemmissa maissa, saadakseen lisänäkemyksiä löydösten tulkitsemiseksi. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittivat, että suomalaisten monikansallisten yhtiöiden japanilaisilla tytäryhtiöillä on positiiviset lähtökohdat sukupuolitasa-arvolle, erityisesti verrattuna Japanin tilanteeseen. Erityisesti vaikutusta Suomesta näkyy työn ja elämä tasapainottamiseen liittyvissä käytännöissä. Nämä ovat ilmestyneet tytäryhtiöihin suomalaisten kollegoiden kohtaamisten kautta sekä oppimalla suomalaisesta työskentely- ja ajattelutavasta. Samalla, suomalaiset emoyhtiöt eivät kuitenkaan ota aktiivista otetta sukupuolitasa-arvon edistämiseen japanilaisissa tytäryhtiöissään, ja näiden kahden toimijan käytäntöjen välillä on eroja. Suomalaisilla monikansallisilla yhtiöillä on enemmän potentiaalia edistää sukupuolitasaarvoa ja avata keskustelua tytäryhtiöissään kuin tällä hetkellä tehdään, sillä rajoittavia uskomuksia japanilaistyöntekijöiden kesken on olemassa.
This multiple case based empirical study expands the knowledge around North American software and IT workers in Japan as well as the expatriate literature and discussion of cognitive schemata in cross cultural settings. The study includes eleven individuals, nine of them in software. Evidence of selection, rejection, and adjustment of cognitive schemata found in Japan's business world is presented. Changes in schemata drive cultural adjustment and acculturation. North American software and IT workers in Japan must maneuver through unfamiliar and often complex schemata to motivate, lead, manipulate, and communicate with coworkers and partners and thereby gain success.
Lifestyle migration and rural depopulation have been gaining more attention in both academic research and media spheres as Japan’s cities and towns are rapidly aging. Additionally, the concept of ikigai has been discussed in greater detail in both academic research and media as people are searching for their own way of living. In contemporary Japan, discourses on gender roles and masculinity have been gaining more traction and many young people are rejecting the old employment norms such as lifetime employment, whether it’s due to their own volition, or due to the pressure and competition stemming from the higher education system of Japan. This thesis is focused on the topics of lifestyle migration and ikigai in the case of the city of Onomichi, located in Hiroshima prefecture. Onomichi has managed to attract many new migrants from all over Japan with the help of the local non-profit organization Onomichi Akiya Saisei Project, that is aiming to renovate old, abandoned buildings (akiya) and bring in new residents and businesses. The city can bring many new insights to the topics discussed in this thesis due to the large number of abandoned properties within its borders. The research was carried out by semi-structured interviews conducted in an online setting during May of 2021. The three informants, males with ages ranging from 28 to 43, are residing in Onomichi and relocated there in hopes of creating a more stress-free lifestyle for themselves. Coincidentally, all of the informants ended up being male, giving this thesis a perspective of the Japanese male and the expectations society imposes on them. Using Onomichi and the informants as a case study, this thesis aims to bring new insights to how lifestyle migrants negotiate their new lives after relocating and how they perceive themselves among the residents of the city. Lifestyle migrants in Onomichi find their new lives to be more fulfilling, albeit filled with more social obligations. They have rejected a corporate lifestyle and are instead working as entrepreneurs, emphasizing that they want to “live life for themselves”. Work and leisure have become more intertwined for the migrants, but this is not always seen as a negative matter. In Onomichi’s case, the migrants described having too much free time on their hands.
This thesis combines Japan studies, reality television studies and gender studies in an attempt to map how masculinity is performed and represented in the reality television show Terrace House: Opening New Doors. Through a combination of qualitative close reading of the show and a review of prior theories of Japanese masculinity, this thesis seeks to produce a stance on whether the trajectories of hegemonic masculinity have been upset in the Japanese society and whether a shift to a more inclusive view of masculinity as suggested by Eric Anderson could be applied to the Japanese setting. The mundane, upper middle-class projective drama of the show provides us with a convenient mirror of assessing what kinds of practices of masculinity are acceptable in a decisively uncontroversial setting and thus perhaps in the society more widely. This thesis contends that in keeping with trends already identified in western settings, also the Japanese normative gender practice has had its boundaries moved and made accessible to more varied iterations of masculinity. It also contends that while successful masculinity has thus become societally less important, it has also become more difficult to achieve, suggesting that there exist distinct categories of ‘acceptable’ and ‘successful’ masculinity.
This thesis explores the sociological imagination of Japanese young elites from a generational perspective. Through interviews with eight Japanese exchange students in Finland, the study investigates elite students’ stressful lives by examining their aspiration for Finnish society as hints that mirrors their desire. Participants expressed the challenge of meeting Japan's social expectations and the rigid shukatsu system. The research delves into the political ignorance of these elites, attributing it to both their privileged status and extremely busy lives as highly educated university students. The study also discusses the insulating effect of their privileged backgrounds that limits their ability to understand personal challenges in a broader socio-political context. This examination emphasizes the need to critically assess the societal structures influencing the sociological imagination of Japanese young elites and the potential consequences of their political disengagement for the future of Japanese society.
Under andra världskriget rådde en starkt nationalistisk anda i Japan. Bland det mest centrala var att visa lojalitet och vördnad för den japanska kejsaren och staten. Olika handböcker publicerades för att sprida lärorna om statens ideologi och utveckla andan bland japanska soldater och civila. Principer från olika religiösa traditioner blandades samman och inlemmades i lärorna som ingick i handböckerna. I avhandlingen undersöker jag på vilket sätt religiösa doktriner, mer specifikt shintoistiska, buddhistiska och konfucianska, sammanblandades och syntes i ideologin. Mitt fokus ligger på två skrifter, Kokutai no hongi och Senjinkun, som publicerades i Japan under 1930– och 1940–talen för att utveckla den rätta andan inför kriget. Jag gör en tolkande studie av handböckerna för att få en uppfattning av hur de tre religionerna ingick i lärorna inom ideologin. Jag använder mig här av engelska översättningar av skrifterna och stöder mig på tidigare forskning av dem. Förutom det jämför jag de två handböckerna för att se ifall det finns likheter mellan lärorna i dem. Utgående från min studie konstaterar jag att det finns vissa likheter mellan lärorna i de två skrifterna. De tre religionerna hade en viktig roll inom den rådande ideologin. Shintoismen utgjorde grunden för lärorna och de konfucianska och buddhistiska principerna var strukturerade kring de shintoistiska lärorna. Vilken av religionerna som var viktigare än den andra inom ideologin är svårt att avgöra. Alla religionerna var väsentliga beståndsdelar av ideologin.
Tarkastelen maisterintutkielmassani Japanin perustuslain sodan ja sotajoukkojen kieltävää 9. pykälää sekä Japanin turvallisuuspolitiikkaa kahden japanilaisen pääministerin, Koizumi Junichiron ja Abe Shinzon, puheissa. Tutkimuksen tehtävänä on selvittää, miten Koizumi ja Abe perustelevat 9. pykälän tulkinnan ja turvallisuuspolitiikan muutoksia heidän kausillaan sekä verrata tästä syntyviä tuloksia. Tutkimukseni monipuoliseen teoreettiseen viitekehykseen kuuluvat turvallisuus, kansainvälinen yhteisö, utopia ja realismi, rauha sekä retoriikka. Aineiston muodostaa rajattu määrä Koizumin ja Aben puheita, jotka olen valinnut käytyäni puheita läpi laajemmin. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, että Japanin muuttuvaa turvallisuuspolitiikkaa perustellaan monin eri tavoin suhteessa perustuslakiin. Muutokset voidaan esitellä perustuslaillisina, mutta tämä kysymys sivuutetaan usein. Yhdysvaltojen vaikutus Japanin turvallisuuspolitiikkaan oli merkittävä erityisesti Koizumin kaudella. Sekä Koizumi että Abe naamioivat poliittiset tavoitteensa esimerkiksi humanitaarisuudeksi tai turvallisuudeksi. Koizumin ja Aben väitteistä huolimatta on kuitenkin selvää, että he joutuvat perustelemaan linjauksiaan perustuslain 9. pykälän olemassaolon vuoksi. Tämä luo ristiriidan lain ja käytännön välille. 9. pykälän rauhanomaiset tavoitteet eivät pääse toteutumaan, koska sekä Koizumi että Abe kohtelevat sitä esteenä turvallisuudelle rauhan mahdollisuuden sijaan.
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the internationalization behavior of knowledge-intensive small- to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) by using macro-level psychic distance indicators and managers' perceptions of psychic distance. Design/methodology/approach: This study uses both quantitative and qualitative approaches. In the quantitative approach, the impact of psychic distance to the internationalization behavior is analyzed by using bivariate correlation analysis. The qualitative case study approach is employed to investigate managers' perceptions of psychic distance as regards market entries. Findings: Findings of this study indicate that psychic distance has an impact on the market entry of knowledge-intensive SMEs. However, there are other factors, such as market size, opportunity seeking behavior, and actions taken by managers, which make the effect of psychic distance less visible in macro-level quantitative analyzes. Research limitations/implications: This study is limited by small sample size in both quantitative and qualitative studies. However, the findings offer interesting insights for further studies related to this phenomenon. Originality/value: This study compares macro-level and individual-level analyses of psychic distance and indicates reasons why psychic distance should be analyzed with the help of individual-level perceptions of psychic distance.
The past decade has been a period of rising nationalism and right-wing populism all over the world. It is evident that the influence of conservative right-wing ideologies is increasing, and with it the radical elements of the movement are empowered to push their ambitions more visibly and actively. Therefore, interest in the study of the far right, rather than the more prominent ‘mainstream-populist right’, is not misplaced. On a general level, research on radical movements can inform us what attracts people to controversial ideologies; how marginal organisations gather support, and how they go about realising their goals. On a normative level, it can also instruct us on how to counter such movements. In mid-2000s, a new strain of far right emerged in Japan and caused upheaval with their xenophobic rhetoric and activism, leading up to the formulation of Japan’s first hate speech law in 2016 andshowing that the Japanese far right is not a fixed presence. Instead, it is something that evolves according to its changing environment, and thus it would be unlikely that the global developments would leave the Japanese far right unaffected. This thesis analyses the transformation of the contemporary Japanese far right movement by means of a qualitative case study. It adds to the literature on Japanese far right and broader study of far right in general by calling attention to the strategies and rhetorics contemporary Japanese far right groups utilise, and how those features compare with the past. The two case study organisations, Nadeshiko Action and Nihon Seinensha, are chosen for their key aspects within the right-wing spectrum, but also on a ‘most-different’ basis in relation to each other, to allow for a more informative comparison between the cases and better generalisability. Data on the two groups is gathered from online publications and blog posts on their own websites and analysed via inductive content analysis. Social movement theory, with special emphasis on the concepts of advocacy and framing, is used to evaluate the degree of change and identify rhetorical trends in the activism of the case studies. The findings show that the Japanese far right is highly adaptable, and despite their core ideology remaining constant, the lines between the different strains of the movement are blurring as they try to relocate themselves from the marginal to the mainstream, while simultaneously seeking new, effective ways to mobilise support and promote their agendas.
This thesis will examine Japan’s national nostalgia and how its political narrative manifests in the country’s multiculturalizing hospitality industry through the experiences of foreign female workers. I apply the theoretical framework of “national nostalgia” and the inductive method of thematic analysis to the primary data collected from semi-structured interviews to analyze the data generated from six women who have worked in Japan’s hospitality industry. I put particular emphasis on the concepts of “uniqueness,” “hospitality,” and “care work”—all of which symbolize Japan’s hospitality concept, omotenashi, characterized by its nationalist self-image. Due to the lack of scholarship on foreign female workers in the hospitality sector and how the nationalistic discourse of Nihonjinron—theories of Japaneseness—affects the integration of foreigners, this study aims to find answers to how the national nostalgia imbued narrative of “cultural homogeneity and uniquity” influences the perceptions of “Japaneseness” and how this correlates with the obstacles to building a multicultural society. Furthermore, as the service-intensive hospitality concept is charged with the gendered notion of care work, I shall explore how the female gender role manifests in the hospitality sector and how social roles influence foreign female workers in Japan. This study’s starting point originates in the researcher’s own internship-turned-fieldwork experience of working at a traditional Japanese inn (ryokan) that belongs to the female-dominated service sector. Through the comparison of my own field experience and interview data, the research findings suggest that the national-nostalgia narratives employed by the country’s leading elite construct an extremely gendered working domain that affects foreign female workers via the enhanced female–male gender binary. In addition, this national nostalgia-based narrative also serves as a significant obstacle hindering Japan’s aspirations to transform into multicultural society (tabunka kyōsei shakai) which contradicts with the nation’s growing need of foreign labor.