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Dutch elm disease (DED) is a fungal disease that causes high mortality of elms. DED and its vector beetles are widely present in most of the countries in the Northern Hemisphere, but they are not known to be present in Finland. DED is a major risk to plant health in Finland. DED and its vectors are moderately likely to enter Finland by natural spread aided by hitchhiking, because they are present in areas close to Finland. Entry via other pathways is much less likely, mainly due to the low volume of trade of untreated wood and plants for planting. DED and its vectors could likely establish in the southern parts of the country, since they currently occur in similar climatic conditions in other countries. DED could cause massive environmental damage as natural elm groves are critically endangered habitats in Finland. The economic consequences to the owners of mature elms could also be significant. Eradication or containment of DED could be possible if strict measures were taken as the patchy distribution of elms would limit the spread of the disease. The most important source of uncertainty in this assessment is the lack of information regarding the amount of elm in fuel wood, wood waste and wood chips imported to Finland.
Animated musical films, such as Disney’s Frozen, have long been immensely popular among the globe; however, the investigation of the songs of such films in a dubbing context constitutes a relatively new area of research. This paper compares the theme of isolation in one song from Frozen, ‘Let it go’, in the two Dutch-language dubbed versions released in, respectively, the Netherlands and Belgium. The triangle of aspects, an analytical model for animated musical films, is used to analyse the musical, visual, and verbal codes of ‘Let it go’ and categorise differences between the TTs and the ST. This model combines qualitative and quantitative data to compare different-language versions of songs from animated musical films. The analysis finds that the TT-NL is most similar to the ST concerning musical aspects such as rhyme scheme and rhythm, and expresses the theme of isolation most strongly through the connection between the lyrics and the music. The TT-BE is most similar concerning verbal aspects, such as semantic meaning and style, and expresses isolation most strongly through metaphor and symbolism. It is hoped that this exploration of the research field of animated musical film song dubbing stimulates further research into the genre.
This study compares the songs from the original, English-language version of the 2013 Disney film Frozen to those of the Dutch dubbed version, investigating how the thematic representation of love and fear differ between these versions. To support this inherently qualitative analysis, this study employs the triangle of aspects, an analytical model that identifies certain aspects and variables central to animated musical film dubbing, allowing a quantification of differences between dubbed versions. It is found that the dubbed songs differ most strongly from the original songs in the verbal code, which covers issues such as semantic sense and register, and least in the musical code, which concerns matters of rhyme scheme, rhythm, and singability. The effects of the changes are a slight backgrounding of the theme of love versus fear: whereas the source version presents and explores a clear dichotomy between love and fear, the dubbed version concentrates more on love as the ultimate goal of life, eliminating much of the importance of fear. These results show that quantitative data can be useful in qualitative analyses, presenting an important step in the development of the field of animated musical film dubbing within translation studies.
Replacing abiotic materials with biotic materials becomes more needed in today’s polluted world than ever. At the same time, the concept of a circular economy becomes more prominent to manage these material flows. Bamboo is a great biotic replacement option for many abiotic materials, and the principle ‘Nutrients remain Nutrients’ of the Cradle to Cradle (C2C) approach is seen as one of the founding theories for the circular economy. Because of the lack of publications combining the C2C principle with bamboo, this research aims to investigate to what extent this particular principle can be seen as a viable option for Dutch and German bamboo product manufacturers. To conduct the research, a qualitative approach was applied. In total, 11 semi-structured interviews were conducted with manufacturers from the industries of consumer items, construction and finishing materials, furniture, and textiles. The data provides valuable insights into current practices as well as possible challenges and needs with the principle. The research findings reveal that the viability of the proposed cycles depends on the product composition and product design, the cost-benefit-ratio, the role of customers/consumers as well as the role of the manufacturer, suppliers and partnerships, the industry and market set up, and given infrastructures and technology on hand. Therefore, this research concludes that the principle is viable if the circumstances are right. However, the majority of the manufacturers is not able to adopt the principle in its entirety as it faces certain challenges. Despite finding similarities between industries, the great product range requires further investigation with a more specific focus on one particular industry or product.
Elms are threatened by Dutch elm disease, and conservation methods are needed to protect their genetic diversity. Cryopreservation of dormant buds allows large numbers of genotypes to be conserved with small space requirements and minimal upkeep. Cryopreservation through slow controlled cooling was tested for both elm species native to Finland, Ulmus glabra and Ulmus laevis. Regeneration of the thawed buds by micropropagation was studied on different basal media and using different growth regulators. Multiple surface sterilisation methods were tried out for bud explants. The multiplication of U. glabra was investigated with Driver and Kuniyuki walnut medium with either 0.5 mg/L meta-topolin or 0.5 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine. Rooting with short indole-6- butyric acid induction in liquid medium and direct transplantation of the shoots to peat ex vitro after induction were tested. For initiation, either Murashige and Skoog or Driver and Kuniyuki walnut medium with 0.02 mg/L gibberellic acid 4 + 7 and 0.5 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine were found to best promote shoot formation. Surface sterilisation remains the most challenging step. No significant differences were found between the multiplication media in either shoot production or rooting success. Rooting by direct transplanting was achieved in both species, but further development is required before application on a larger scale. With further improvements to sterilisation success especially in U. glabra, the method can be applied to the conservation of genetic resources of both U. laevis and U. glabra, and knowledge of regeneration success can be used to design the cryoconservation plan and optimise the sampling.
The aim of the thesis is to research the perceived image of Helsinki as a tourist destination in the Netherlands. Therefore, the research question ‘how is the image of Helsinki as a tourist destination perceived in the Netherlands?’ will be examined. First, different processes and the AIDA model will explain the tourist’s buying behaviour. Next, a definition of the destination image is created and its formation will be elaborated. Destination branding will be, inter alia, explained by means of the destination brand benefit pyramid. In addition, Helsinki as a tourist destination and its relation with the Netherlands will be explained to understand the current tourism situation in Helsinki, related to Dutch visitors. A positive destination image is essential for a certain place to be able to attract a sufficient amount of tourists. The images and expectations tourists have about a certain destination have been shown to be one of the key factors when selecting a destination for leisure pur- poses. The overall image one has from a particular region eventually might be favourable or unfavourable in terms of choosing a travel destination. When defining the destination image of Helsinki as a tourist destination in contrast to its reali- ty, the characteristics need to be elaborated. Helsinki exists for one-third of green areas and the sea is present at many places. Helsinki has many design aspects, as well as museums, architecture, history, culture and a booming restaurant scene. However, is the Dutch popula- tion aware of everything Helsinki has to offer? How do they perceive the city as a tourist des- tination? And did they even obtain knowledge about Helsinki as a tourist destination? A quantitative method has been used in order to conduct the destination image research. A questionnaire, consisting of sixteen questions, was conducted among the Dutch population. The questionnaire consisted of open- and closed-ended questions, and it contained classifi- cation, attitude and opinion, and behaviour questions. As a result, a variety of data could be collected. The questionnaire results gave the researcher the possibility to look at various as- pects, including the age, the differences between people with knowledge of Helsinki and people who do not know anything about Helsinki, destination images in winter and summer season, and people who have visited Helsinki and people who did not visit Helsinki. Overall, the Dutch population sample image Helsinki as a cold and snowy destination with many nature areas. Although the Helsinki Cathedral and the harbour are well imaged in their mind, there is concluded that Helsinki does not offer sufficient touristic sights and activities. In addition, Helsinki is seen as an expensive Nordic place and less popular than other Nordic capital cities. Helsinki as a tourist destination should be better known in the Netherlands and thus, better promoted. Important is to create a positive word-of-mouth, since the Dutch citi- zens’ friends and family that have visited Helsinki are of great influence for shaping their des- tination image. Word-of-mouth and social media are useful marketing tools that could help increase the awareness of Helsinki as a tourist destination in the Netherlands. In this way, Helsinki’s uniqueness, in comparison to the other Nordic capital cities, could be promoted.
This paper examines the problem of Dutch disease in Russia during the oil boom of the 2000s, from both the theoretical and empirical points of view. Our analysis is based on the classical model of Dutch disease by Corden and Neary (1982). We examine the relationship between changes in the real effective exchange rate of the ruble and the evolution of the Russian economic structure during the period 2002 – 2013. We empirically test the main effects of Dutch disease, controlling for specific features of the Russian economy, namely the large role of state-owned organizations. We estimate the resource movement and spending effects as determined by the theoretical model and find the presence of several signs of Dutch disease: the negative impact of the real effective exchange rate on growth in the manufacturing sector, the growth of total income of workers, and the positive link between the real effective exchange rate and returns on capital in all three sectors. Although also predicted by the model and clearly observable, the shift of labor from manufacturing to services cannot be explained by ruble appreciation alone. Publication keywords: Dutch disease, resource curse, real effective exchange rate, cointegration model, economic policy, Russia
This research paper has analyzed the restaurant market in the Netherlands and assessed the potential viability of the business idea for introducing a new mobile application on the market. This paper aimed to test the extent to which the introduction of a mobile application is relevant to the current market needs. The theoretical framework is based on the theory of market research and market analysis and was informed by relevant academic books and articles. In the theoretical section, the author has defined the components later used in empirical analysis, namely: the country's economic environment, target industry market size, market growth, consumer trends, and potential competitor analysis. To find out if there is a potential market for the new mobile application in the Netherlands, the research was conducted by applying a qualitative research method. The empirical part of the study was split into two parts. The first part used the desk research method and statistics from reliable sources to analyze the current restaurant business environment in the Netherlands. The second part consists of a detailed analysis of 6 semi-structured interviews distributed among the restaurateurs in the Netherlands to find out the challenges they face while doing business. It has also collected their opinions on the mobile application concept and their potential interest in the new product launch. The conclusion is that the application concept is relevant to the current situation in the Dutch market. Would-be users on the business side recognize its potentiality provided that specific minor improvements are made. Thus, the application is believed to improve the business processes and positively impact the profits of foodservice enterprises. Based on these results, the author provides suggestions that could be explored regarding the mobile application concept. It is suggested that new products like a mobile application with unique functions can meet existing consumer needs and boost the profits of the businesses.
External PhDs are those who are not employed by the university and may be self-funded or funded through scholarships – usually by foreign governments, funding agencies, or employers. In the Netherlands, empirical knowledge about the employment status, academic experiences, career path development and career choices of external doctoral candidates are hardly researched even though they make up almost 50% of the doctoral population, with Chinese being the largest group of external foreign PhDs from outside of Europe. Given their substantial contribution to the Dutch knowledge economy, understanding their doctoral experiences will be useful for the recruitment of, and full utilization of intellectual overseas Chinese. This qualitative study focuses on the doctoral experiences of external Chinese doctoral candidates funded by the Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC) in various disciplines through 10 narrative interviews. Results show that nine participants experienced positive doctoral supervision and increased intellectual confidence over time. However, the external PhD status inevitably excludes CSC-funded doctoral candidates from developing the institutional and networking strands in the Dutch habitus. The only link between the PhD candidates and the universities is their doctoral supervisors. The lack of institutional engagement is detrimental to the individual’s formation of academic identity and led to an isolated doctoral education experience.
This study aimed to retain Dutch prominence in the global maritime cluster by enabling the Dutch shipbuilding and marine equipment industry to respond to Canada’s National Shipbuilding Procurement Strategy opportunities through identifying and proposing solutions to the market entry barriers existing in the Canadian shipbuilding industry. The reviewed literature focuses on internationalizing theories, market entry barriers and various tools to assess the attractiveness of international markets and industries. Michael Porter’s Five Forces Model was applied to acquire a preliminary understanding of the Canadian shipbuilding industry. Subsequently, Pankaj Ghemawhat’s CAGE Framework was used for the identification of the entry barriers existing in this industry. The methodology of the research was qualitative in nature, and both the primary and secondary data was collected to carry out the research. The secondary data was primarily collected from industry reports. The primary data was collected using the semi-structured interviews, which were conducted in two stages. During stage one, three Dutch maritime firms and a Canadian-based agent were interviewed to identify the entry barriers to the Canadian shipbuilding industry. During stage two, five industry experts from both the private and public sectors were interviewed to explore feasible solutions to the entry barriers. The collected data revealed 10 entry barriers in total. Of these barriers, the following were identified as primary impediments to a market entry: Canadian business culture, local content requirements, information gaps regarding the local content requirement, high capital requirements, and Canada’s large geographical size. In response, multiple solutions were proposed for dealing with each identified barrier to the market entry.